euk- linear

prok-circular

circular DNA

genom can be both RNA and DNA

can be single or double stranded

double stranded DNA,

replicate sep from chromosome

circular and linear DNA

1. no cell damage

2. no extracellular form

can move from one site of DNA to another

found in both prok and eukar

important in genetic variation

enzymes caralyze the addition of deoxynucleotides

poly- main one for snythesizing chromo replication

others repair damaged DNA

when double helix opened at beginning of replication, rna polymerizing enzyme produces prier called primase, whihc

*synthesizes short strech of RNA

extension of DNA occurs at which end leading or lagging strand and why for both

in what domain

leading strand- 5-->3 OH'

lagging strand- no OH discontinued

prok because they have circular DNA allowing them to have 2 replicating forks, continued replication

Function of REPLISOME

what does the replisome contain

in what domain

Prokaryoes**

1. DNA gyrase- removes supercoil*

2. DNA helicase

3. Primase

2+3 = primosome --> unwinds and prime the DNA

4. single strand binding protei, which precents reforming a double helix

prokaryotes

eukaryotes

Viral DNA replication

function of POL 1 in proofreading, direction

what is proofreading exonuclease? how are these two different.

1: 5-->3 and 3-->5 exonuclease differnece of each poly direction and

pol1 has 5-->3 poly activity as well as 3--> 5 exonuclease activity

pol3 has same as pol1 except it does not have 5-->3 exonuclease activity

rare 53

3-->5 : ability to remove misinterpreted DNA sequences

*****5-->3 exonuclease activity removes primer disabiling replication

which one is a the template***

5--> 3

3--> 5

3--> 5

templates are opposite

RNA polymerases recognizes DNA sites called promoters

site of initiation of transcription

pribnow box-located 10 bases before the ST of transcript

-35 region: located ~35 upstream of transcription

specific DNA sequence

1. intrinsic terminator

2. Rho dependent terminator

Rho- dependent terminator

in which domain?

ONLY PROKARYOTES

Rho protein recognizes specific DNA seq and causes pause in RNA polyermase

NOOOO because prok have polycistronic DNA transcritption

transcribes several genes on DNA simultaneously

Euak will have one gene

triblet of nucleic acid bases

head tail and body of cobra

multiple codons

UAA

UGA

UAG

"nonsense codon"

your awesome aple, you gorrila ape, you are gorilla

the wobble is exactly what it sounds like, irregular base pairing allowed at the third position of tRNA 

A does not go with T etc...

open reading frame (ORF) 

ex

AUG followed by number of codons and a stop codon in the SAME READING FRAME

AUG[__________]UGA/UAA/UAG

start                        STOP

initiation

elongation

termination

2 ribosomal subunits assemble with mRNA  (hotdog)

1. a aminoacytl trna w/ FORMYTHIONYL binds to start codon  (AUG) at the  P site

Aminoacytl tRNA + F-mythio+start codon AUG @ P

F-methymine

crystal methy?

amino acids bring 2 ribosomes and added 2 growing polypeptide

translocation

polysomes

*occurs at A and P site

several ribosomes translating mRNA simultaneously

b/c each ribo is independt, they are basically creating their own polypeptide on their own

movement of tRNA hold polypeptide from the a to p site

• we start at the start codon AUG---
• there are several stop codons throughout chain of mRNA, the last ATG with nothing in front of it cannot be stop because there are no other sequences in fron of it
• first find first codon ATG circle all
• look for stop codon--> circle to identify
• go through frames after start codon AUG untill everything corresponds and you hit stop codon last
• remember every 3 lettesr = 1 amino acid

**chain must be greater than 9 amino acids

termination NOT elongation

shine dalgo site

16s in 30 s????

recruits first amino acid

ribo acts like factory

elongation