Term
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Definition
sum of chemical reactions w/in living organism.
chem. reactions that:
-produce energy (ATP)
-utilize energy
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Term
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Definition
degradation
-complex to simple by breaking bonds
-releases energy, makes ATP |
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Term
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Definition
synthesis
-simple to complex, make bonds
-required energy, use ATP |
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Term
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Definition
classified by source of carbon and energy.
-Autotrophs:photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs
-Heterotrophs: photoheterotrophs and
chemoheterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic carbon source (CO2) |
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Term
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Definition
light energy source (photosynthetic).
ex. Cyanobacteria, algae, and plants |
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Term
CHEMOAUTOTROPHS
(chemolithotrophs) |
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Definition
anaerobic bacteria (aerobic respiration).
ex. hydrogen, sulfur, iron, and nitrifying bacteria |
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Term
HETEROTROPHS
(organotrophs) |
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Definition
| use organic molecules as carbon source. |
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Term
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Definition
use light as energy source (photosynthesis).
ex. green and purple nonsulfur bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
organic molecules oxidized for energy and carbon.
ex. pathogenic microorganisms, break down host substances |
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Term
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Definition
Saprophyte: dead organic matter.
Parasite: living organic matter.
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Term
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Definition
biological catalysts that speed up rate of chemical reactions w/out being permanently altered.
-protein
- -ase |
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Term
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Definition
Holoenzyme: whole
a) apoenzyme=protein
b) coenzyme=nonprotein, form vitamins
NAD+, NADP, FAD, electron carriers |
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Term
| ENZYME MECHANISM OF ACTION |
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Definition
-Active site= substrate attaches
-Specific= determined by active site shape (3D protein structure, lock and key)
-Lowers energy of activation or reaction |
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Term
| CONDITIONS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY |
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Definition
-Optimal temp and pH narrow range
-Temperature: high=denaturation (unfolds structure) low=freezing (loss of conformational plasticity
-Osmolarity and pH: too high or low causes denaturation of protein enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
-End product turns off reactions
-Allosteric inhibitors |
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Term
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Definition
-Oxidation: loss of electrons
-Reduction: gain of electros
-energy of the electron is transferred, coupled reactions |
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Term
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Definition
-nutrients oxidized
-break bonds, electrons and their energy lost
-energy electrons and hydrogen transferred to NAD carrier
-used to make ATP |
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Term
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Definition
-Oxidation: electrons lost with H+
-Reduction: energy and electrons and H+ transferred to NAD carrier which gets reduced
NAD oxidized <---> NADH reduced |
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