Term
where are sterols found
what are the two exceptions |
|
Definition
sterol found in eukaryotes
also in bacterial methanotrophic bacteria and mycoplasmas |
|
|
Term
what kind of membrane strengtheing angents are in methanotrophic and mycoplasmas
what domain are they in |
|
Definition
they are the exceptions of STEROL strengthening agents
they are in the domain bacteria NOT found in ARCHAEA |
|
|
Term
| what domain uses predominately hopanoid cell membrane strengthening agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what are the characteristics of archaea membrane
3 characteristics |
|
Definition
| archaea membranes are MONOLAYERED, they lack fattyacids--> have isoprene instead --> they have no cell wall |
|
|
Term
| benefit of a monolayer phospholipid in archaea?? |
|
Definition
| decreased chance of seperation from heat--> that's why most are archaea are thermophiles |
|
|
Term
characteristics of carrier mediated transport systems
|
|
Definition
they have SATURATION EFFECT
high SPECIFITCITY
REGULATED |
|
|
Term
function of carrier mediated transport systems
|
|
Definition
| Assist in transporting specific nutrients against their concentration gradient |
|
|
Term
| three major transport systems in PROKARYOTES |
|
Definition
1. SIMPLE TRANSPORT
GROUP TRANSLOCATION
ABC SYSTEM |
|
|
Term
| what is simple transport dependent on |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
describe function of group translocation
give an example of one
what is required |
|
Definition
- transformed chemically during transport across the membrane
the phosphotransferase system
req 5 proteins |
|
|
Term
| where does the energy for phosphotransferase system come from |
|
Definition
phosphoenolpyruvate
kind of obvious because all of these are energy terminologies
phos/pyruvate |
|
|
Term
what is a ABC transport system
what is required |
|
Definition
ATP binding protein (ABC) gives periplasmic binding protein energy inorder to move substrate across is required
periplasmic bonding protein reside in the PERIPLASM of bacteria CM |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 methods for protein export |
|
Definition
1. tranlocases
2. sec translocase system
3. type 3 secretion systems |
|
|
Term
function sec systems
what is required for a protein to be exported etc. |
|
Definition
sec= secretory stem
system both exports proteins and inserts them in to membrane
specific tags + uses ATP |
|
|
Term
| where mainly are enzymes found in gram negative bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many proteins are required for sec translocase to undergo function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which transport (sec/ translocase/ phosphtransferase/abc/or simple PMF transport) is best suited for transport of nutrients present in the enviroment at extrememly low concentrations |
|
Definition
| ABC transport systems- because this transport system has periplasmic binding proteins that can be specialized in picking up very SPECIFIC nutrients etc with the help of ATP , even at low concentrations |
|
|
Term
what is phosphotransferase very specific too?
energy source
proteins required |
|
Definition
transporting glucose or sugars- energy drived from phospho-en-ol-pyruvate
require 5 proteins |
|
|
Term
| function of type 3 secretion systems |
|
Definition
| common in pathogenic bacteria- secreted protein translocated direcyly into house |
|
|
Term
techoic acid is prevalent in what domain?
what is it's function? |
|
Definition
gram positive bacteria's cell wall
Function: Ca and Mg are attracted to the neg techoic acid making the cell wall's overall structure more stable
|
|
|
Term
what 2 sugars is peptidoglycan composed of
hint: murG |
|
Definition
N-acetyl-gluco s-amine
Na-acetyl- mura-mic acid
murG |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 sugars that make up peptidoglycan connected by?** |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does lysozyme break down peptidoglycan?? |
|
Definition
| it attaches the beta-1,4 bond joining the two sugars together |
|
|
Term
| what us a bacterium that lacks a cell wall called? |
|
Definition
Protoplast
BLAST - plast--> lacking |
|
|
Term
| all of that was gram positive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Now we move on to gram negative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| outermembrane of Gram-Negative bacteria is sometimes referred to as ________, why? |
|
Definition
| outer layers is composed of lipids and polysaccaries (larger OUTER LAYER) LPS--> lipopolysaccaride |
|
|
Term
| what does LPS replace most of in the outer half of the outer membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is responsible for the differences between grame positive and gram negative bacteria during gram staining? |
|
Definition
outer layer composition
one having more peptidoglycan and one have more greater outer membrane (LPS gram -) |
|
|
Term
| OKAY that was gram negative bacteria |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Now we, move on to archaea cell walls |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is similiar to the polysaccaride in peptidoglycan in bacteria but in archea??** |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is pseudomurein composed of different from peptidoglycan |
|
Definition
| N acetylglucoasmine + N acetyl oaminuronic acid |
|
|
Term
| glycosidic bonds between the two sugar derivitaves are what differing from peptidoglycan beta- 1,4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cell wall type among archaea |
|
Definition
| paracrystalline surface layer or (S-layer) |
|
|
Term
what is the S-layer composed
function 2 |
|
Definition
protein and glycoprotein
1. structural reinforment
2. keep proteins near the surface |
|
|
Term
| 3 characteristics of archaea cell surface structure |
|
Definition
1. capsule/slime layers
2. fimbriae
3. pilli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a filamentous protein structure )longer the fimbriae) "P comes after F"
- facilitate genetic exchange between cells (conjugation)
- type 4 pili involved in twitching motility
|
|
|
Term
| 4 carbon storage polymers |
|
Definition
1. glycogen- sugar
2. polyphosphates
3. **sulfur globules - Sulfur
4. magneto- xmen lots of pwer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
activation
germination
outgrowth |
|
|
Term
| function of dipicolinic acid in endospire complex |
|
Definition
absent in vegetative cells
reduces water activity of endospore**(lots of Ca) |
|
|
Term
| function of SASP (small acid solube proteins) |
|
Definition
located in core, binds to dna - protect from UV, desication, dry heat
functions as energy source for growth |
|
|
Term
filament of flagella is composed of what
described the movement |
|
Definition
FLAGSSSS -GELLSSS- INNN
roationation
(swirling of a flag during ceremony) |
|
|
Term
| which cells rather then rotate use gliding motility?? |
|
Definition
lacking flagella for swimming these rod shaped/filament glide (slower but smoother)
"need solid surface " |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in chemotaxis (chemical directed movement) attractants and receptors sensed by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the largest expedient you have seen in the last 30 years. |
|
Definition
|
|
