Term
| What are similarities between the three domains of life? |
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Definition
1) Cell membranes
2)Macromolecules
3)DNA |
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Term
| What do eukaryotic cells specilize in? What hapens if multicelular? |
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Definition
Eukaryote cells specialize in separation of biochemical processes.
-Multi cellular eukaryotes further specialise by having cells perform specific functions. |
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Term
| What is eukaryotic membrane made of? |
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Definition
-Made of phospholipids
- consists of fatty acids and phosphates attached to glycerol
-Fattty acids unsaturated and has cholesterol |
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Term
| What does Cholesterol do? |
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Definition
-Provides mechanical stability in membrane.
-Has polar and non polar ends. |
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Term
| Eukaryotic cell walls are different for plants and fungi how? |
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Definition
-Fungi have cell walls made of chitin.
-Plants have cell walls made of cellulose. Which is made from B glucose.
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Term
| What two molecules make up the Eukaryote Cytoskeleton? How many diameters is each? |
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Definition
Actin= Makes filaments with a diameter of seven nanometers.
Tubulin=makes hollow tubes with a diameter of 25 nm |
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Term
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Definition
| Microtubules are used to make flagella. |
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Term
| What is the difference between Eukaryotic Flagella and Bacterial Flagella as far as movement? |
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Definition
Eukaryotic Flagella whip back and forth.
Bacterial flagella rotate. |
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Term
| What are eukaryotic cilia? |
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Definition
| They work in unison to propel eukaryotic cells. They are shorter then flagella. |
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Term
| What are the two eukaryotic organelles that are found in only plants? |
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Definition
| Mitochondiran and Chloroplasts. |
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Term
| What are they types of Association? What do they mean? |
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Definition
Mutualism=Both organisms benefit
Parasitism=One organism is harmed and the other benefits
Commensalism=benifits one organism
Competition=both organisms are hard |
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Term
| What is endosymbiosis mean? What is the endosymbiotic theory? What is some evidence for it? |
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Definition
Endsymbiosis is one organism living in another.
They endosymbiotic theory is that mitochondrian were cells living on their own consumed by another cell. That is why they have their own DNA on a circular chormosome and an inner and outer membrane. |
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Term
What are two energy types?
What is delta G? |
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Definition
Kinetic=associated with activity
Potential=stored energy
Delta G is free energy=energy that can be used to do work. |
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Term
| What are factors of an unstable system? |
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Definition
Likely to change spontaneously.
Lots of free energy, more orderly. |
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Term
| What are factors of a stable system? |
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Definition
Unlikely to change spontaneously.
Little free energy, less orderly. |
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Term
| What is an enzyme? How much can it increase a rate by? |
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Definition
-A protein that acts as a catalyst. It is regenerated at the end of a reaction.
-Very specific for ceratin reactions.
It can increase a rate by a thousand or millions of times.(enzymes can't make reactions run backwards) |
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Term
What nomenclature ending signifies an enzyme?
How much is one mole of ATP hydrolyzed?
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do phosphorolases do? What is another name for them? |
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Definition
Phosphorolases other wise known as kinases add phosphate groups.
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Term
What do carboxylases do?
What do decarboxylases do?
What do hydrogenases do?
What do dehydrogensases do? |
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Definition
Carboxylases add a carboxyl group while decarboxylases remove them.
Hydrogenases add H2 while dehydrogenases remove H2. |
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Term
What do nitrogenases do?
What do hydroxylases do?
What do transferases do? |
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Definition
- Nitrogenases add nitrogen.
-Hydroxylases add hydroxyl groups from H2O.
Transferases move larger groups between compounds.
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Term
What is competitive inhabition?
What is noncompetitive inhabition?
What is uncompeitive inhabition? |
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Definition
Competitive=inhibitor adn substrate compete for active site.
Non competitive= binds to the enzyme , not not at active site.
Uncompetitive=binds to enzyme substrate complex. |
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Term
| What are the two types of pathways? What do they do? |
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Definition
Catabolic=break down more complicated molecules and release energy.
Anabolic= build more complicated molecules and require energy. |
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Term
| What is the Histidine Anabolic Pathway? What type of inhibition inhibits this pathway? Which molecules? |
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Definition
-A anabolic pathway that will produce histidine in 10 steps from ammonia.
-Histidine is a non competitive inhibitor that inhibts this pathway at the begining.
-ADP also inhibits this pathway. |
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Term
| What other molecules are made through the Histodine Anablic Pathway? How do they inhibit? |
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Definition
Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan are made through this path way.
The inhibitors inhibit the first reaction afer chorismate. All steps weakly inhibit Phosophenolpyruvate(PEP). |
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Term
| What are three major catobolic processes? |
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Definition
Glycolisis- net 2 atp, NADH
Citric Acid cylce- 2 atp,NADH, FADH2
Electron Transport Chain + Oxidative Phosphorolation- 34 atp |
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Term
| What is NAD? What is FAD? What are their oxidized and reduced forms? |
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Definition
Nicotinamide Adenine Di-nucleotide
NAD+= oxidized form
NADH=reduced form
Flavin Adenine Di-nucleotide
FAD+=Oxidized form
FADH=Reduced form
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Term
| How does electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH? |
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Definition
| ETC uses NADH and FADH to pump H+ ions against the gradient. The ions then go through enzyme ATP synthase and move back across the gradient creating 35-36 ATP. |
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Term
| How do organisms get classified based on carbon source? |
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Definition
Autotrophs= Use CO2 to make compounds
Heterotrophs= Use carbon from other organisms to make compounds |
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Term
How do organisms get classified based on energy source?
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Definition
Phototrophs= Energy source is light
Chemotrophs= Energy through oxidation.
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Term
How do organisms get classified based on electron source?
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Definition
Lithiotrophs= Use inorganic material for electron source.
Organotrophs= Use organic material for electron source. |
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Term
What would a human be classified as based on all three naming techniques?
What would a plant be classified as based on all three naming techniques?
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Definition
Humans=Chemoorgantophic Heterotrophs
Plants= Photolithotrophic autotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
| Magnetotaxis= Some bacteria can move along magnetic fields.The magnetosome is a membrane bound crystal of magnetite. |
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