Term
| What is the Morpholgy for Gram positive bacteria?(overall features) |
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Definition
-Very little variation between species.
-Usually no flagella or other distinguishing structures.
-Some form chains and others form clusters
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Term
What do Staphylococcus do?
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Definition
-They are gram positive Cocci
-Grow in clusters.
-Salt-tolerant.
-Includes S. epidermis, normally lives on the skin.
-Excretes fatty acids that inhibit skin pathogen growth.
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Term
Where is Staphylococcus aureus found? What does it do? What toxin can it produce?
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Definition
Staphylococcus aureus
Normally found on the nose and skin.
Can cause opportunistic infections
Enter the body through openings (burns, cuts, tears in mucus membranes).
Common cause of nosocomial infections.
Can produce the toxin exfoliatin.
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Term
What is Exfoliatin? What syndrome does it cause?
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Definition
Exfoliatin
Protease that breaks peptide bonds that normally hold skin layers together.
Causes scalded skin syndrome.
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Term
What are Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus?
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Definition
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Developed resistance to beta-lactams.
Some are resistant to most antibiotics.
Vancomycin can still be used to treat it.
Resistance to vancomycin has been discovered, but it has not spread through horizontal gene transfer.
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Term
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Definition
Streptococcus
Gram Positive Cocci
Grow in chains.
Oxygen-tolerant.
Includes S. mutans, which causes tooth decay.
Ferment sugars to produce lactic acid.
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Term
What is Streptococcus pyogenes?
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Definition
Streptococcus pyogenes
-Gram positive Cocci
-Can cause strep throat, or scarlet fever.
-Produces several exotoxins.
-Has a capsule that protects it against phagocytosis of some immune cells.
-Susceptible to penicillin.
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Term
| What are some common spore forming species? What type of Gram positive bacteria are they? |
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Definition
(They are gram positive rods.)
Common Spore-forming Species
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
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Term
What do Lactic Acid Bacteria do? What type of gram positive bacteria are they?
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Definition
(They are gram positive rods.)
Lactic Acid Bacteria
Do not form endospores, nonpathogenic.
Used to ferment dairy products.
Can grow in the presence of oxygen.
Convert sugars into lactic acid.
Not all are bacilli.
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Term
What are Mycoplasma?
What type of gram positive bacteria are they?
What can they cause?
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Definition
(They are gram positive rods.)
Mycoplasma
Parasitic genera of bacteria.
Have no cell wall or outer membrane.
Have a very small genome (482 genes)
Can cause pneumonia and meningitis in humans.
Commonly found in cell culture lines.
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Actinomycetes? |
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Definition
Characteristics
-Have DNA sequences with a large proportion of G-C base pairs.
-Some have unusual cell wall lipids, and can be identified with an acid-fast stain.
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Term
What is Propionibacterium? What group are they part of?
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Definition
(It is part of the Actinomycetes.)
Propionibacterium
Rounded club-shaped rods.
Grow in chains or clumps.
Can grow on milk.
Ferments lactose into lactate, then ferments lactate into propionic acid, acetic acid, and CO2.
They can make swiss cheese! =)
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Term
What does Propionibacterium acnes cause? What type of group is part of?
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Definition
(Its part of the Actinomycetes.)
Propionibacterium acnes
Causes some forms of acne.
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Term
| What does Mycobacterium tuberculosis cause? What type of group is part of? |
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Definition
(Its part of the Actinomycetes.)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Can cause tuberculosis.
-Usually infects the lungs.
-Has a cell envelope that includes mycolic acids.
-Grows very slowly, but difficult to kill.
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