Term
| What are the components of cartilage? |
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Definition
Chondrocyte, Lacuna, Matrix
Chondrocyte
- Live in lacunae (often can’t see cell outline)
- Produce matrix
Matrix
- Smooth background produced by chondrocytes
- may be blue or pink dependent on stain
- sometimes see territorial matrix |
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Term
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Definition
Cartilage
(see chondrocyte, lacuna, and matrix) |
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Term
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Definition
Cartilage
Territorial Matrix
(slightly lighter halo around chrondrocyte) |
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Term
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Definition
| longitudinal section of trachea with cross section of tracheal rings |
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Term
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Definition
Cartilagenous Ring
pink around it is epithelium |
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Term
| Cartilage has no _______ or ___________. |
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Definition
vessels or nerves
Just cells and matrix
- Cartilage must get it nutrients just by diffusion
If you have joint pain, it is not the cartilage b/c no nerves there |
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Term
| How does cartilage get its nutrients? |
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Definition
from diffusion
(no vessels or nerves present) |
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Term
| What are the types of cartilage growth and where do they occur? |
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Definition
Appositional
- the most cartilage in the body grows this way
- grows from the edges
- cartilage grows from perichondrium (which has undifferentiated stem cells)
Interstitial
- only in very young animals
- chondrocytes w/in the cartilage are dividing and growing
(exception to appositional growth is in joints, b/c articular cartilage doesn't grow, no perichondrium) |
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Term
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Definition
Appositional Cartilage Growth
growth from edges (from perichondrium)
top: pseudostratified columnar epithelium
under that: dense connective tissue
under that: loose connective tissue
under that: perichondrium
bottom: cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Appositional Cartilage Growth
(perichondrium with undifferentiated stem cells up top) |
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Term
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Definition
Articular Cartilage
(no perichondrium b/c couldn't stand up to impact in joints) |
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Term
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Definition
Articular Cartilage
(no perichondrium b/c couldn't stand up to impact in joints) |
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Term
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Definition
| Interstitial Cartilage Growth |
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Term
| What are the types of cartilage? |
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Definition
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage |
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Term
1) Tracheal cartilage is what kind of cartilage?
2) nose?
3) ears?
4) IV discs? |
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Definition
1) hyaline
2) hyaline
3) elastic
4) fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosus only) |
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Term
| The fetus starts as ________ cartilage |
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Definition
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Term
1) articular cartilage is what type of cartilage
2) tendon attachement?
3) nucleus pulposus?
4) early fetus? |
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Definition
1) hyaline
2) fibrocartilage
3) it isn't cartilage...
4) hyaline |
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Term
1) Ligament attachments are what type of cartilage?
2) nasal septum?
3) menisci? |
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Definition
1) fibrocartilage
2) hyaline cartilage
3) fibrocartilage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| articular (hyaline) cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Nasal Septum
hyaline cartilage
notice respiratory epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
fetal skeleton
hyaline cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Elastic cartilage
(elastin stain)
notice thin, light brown fibers |
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Term
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Definition
Elastic Cartilage
(no way to know that it isn't hyaline w/o elastin stain other than that you were told that it was from an ear) |
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Term
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Definition
Ear Canal
Elastic Cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Fibrocartilage (top) & bone (bottom)
mostly linear organization of fibers |
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Term
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Definition
Top: spinal cord
Middle: vertebral body on right & left, IV disc in middle (fibrocartilage)
Bottom: skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
Nucleus Pulposus in center
Annulus Fibrosus (fibrocartilage) around that
hyaline cartilage at edges b/c it is a joint |
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Term
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Definition
Feline Digit
tendon coming down to bone
- attaches with fibrocartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Feline Digit
tendon attaching with fibrocartilage
(bone at bottom) |
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Term
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Definition
fibrocartilage
notice chondrocytes are in rows
Matrix is dense, fibrous collagen
(hyaline at edges) |
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Term
| Where is fibrocartilage found? |
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Definition
IV discs
tendon & ligament attachements
menisci |
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Term
| Where is articular cartilage found? |
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Definition
articular surfaces
the entire fetus starts as hyaline cartilage
nasal septum
trachea |
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Term
| Where is elastic cartilage found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of supporting tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Osteoblasts
- Build bone
Osteocytes
- Live in the bone (live on site)
- Maintain the boney matrix around them (maintenance guys)
Osteoclasts
- Cut bonee |
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Term
define osteoid
where is it found? |
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Definition
unmineralized bone
all the bone we see on slides is demineralized in the fixation process
know that something is osteoid b/c it surrounded by osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
bone marrow
megakaryocyte towards right side of the middle
(look at who his friends are to tell you that it is a megakaryocyte) |
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Term
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Definition
10% of osteoblasts
Live in lacunae
Communicate |
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Term
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Definition
Osteoclasts derived from same cell as macrophage
It is essentially a super macrophage that can digest bone |
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Term
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Definition
| little depression made by osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
osteoblasts lining bone
(build bone) |
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Term
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Definition
osteoblasts lining bone
(osteoid b/c it is being produced by blasts and therefore hasn't mineralized)
osteocytes in bone
2 large osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
| osteoblasts and osteocytes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the components of bone. |
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Definition
Cells
- Osteoblasts
- Osteocytes
- Osteoclasts
Matrix
- Mineral
- Collagen |
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Term
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Definition
Mineral
- Calcium > Phosphorus
Hydroxyapatite crystal
Collagen
- It is impt for the tensile strength of bone
This is why it is pink |
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Term
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Definition
Bone Matrix (light microscopy)
- mineral
- collagen
Think of it as a bridge:
- Mineral is the concrete
- Collagen is the rebar (give it bounciness) |
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Term
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Definition
Bone Matrix (polarized light microscopy)
- mineral
- collagen
Think of it as a bridge:
- Mineral is the concrete
- Rebar is the collagen (give it bounciness) |
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Term
| Describe the microscopic organization of bone. |
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Definition
WOVEN BONE
- Much more haphazard arrangement
- Early bone growth
LAMELLAR BONE
- Organized collagen
- Stronger |
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Term
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Definition
Woven Bone (top)
Lamellar Bone (bottom)
light microscopy |
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Term
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Definition
Woven Bone (top)
- collagen isn't organized enough to show up
Lamellar Bone (bottom)
polarized light microscopy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Fracture Callus
woven bone (top)
lamellar bone (bottom) |
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Term
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Definition
Lamellar Bone
Osteon (circular structure)
- Lamellar bone is organized into osteon
Haversion Canal
- In the center of the osteon is the haversian canal where blood vessels and nerves go
- So bone does have pain |
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Term
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Definition
Ground bone (the only mineralized bone we'll see)
Notice osteocytes in the bone |
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Term
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Definition
Woven bone (left)
- Made quickly
- Haphazard collagen
- At fracture sites
Lamellar bone (right)
- Remade from woven bone
- Parallel collagen
- Stronger |
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Term
| Woven Bone vs. Lamellar Bone |
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Definition
Woven bone
- Made quickly
- Haphazard collagen
- At fracture sites
Lamellar bone
- Remade from woven bone (not just patched woven bone)
- Parallel collagen
- Stronger |
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Term
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Definition
Compact Bone (outside)
- Makes up the cortex of the diaphysis
- Compact bone can be woven or lamellar
Cancellous Bone (inside) |
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Term
Compact bone makes up the ________ of the _______.
It is woven or lamellar? |
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Definition
makes up the cortex of the diaphysis
it can be woven or lamellar |
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Term
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Definition
Compact Bone
lamellar (bottom)
woven (top) |
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Term
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Definition
Lamellar Bone
Compact and Cancellous |
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Term
| How can you differentiate woven bone and cancellous bone? |
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Definition
If it doesn’t light up under light microscopy, then it is woven
- b/c the collagen isn’t organized, it is too haphazard to show up in organized manner (won’t reflect polarized light)
Cancellous
- Ratio of bone to marrow is equal or bone is less than marrow |
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Term
| know the anatomy of a long bone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Epiphysis
- end of bone
- covered with articular cartilage
Physis
- growth plate
- made of cartilage
- only present in growing animals
Metaphysis
- transition between diaphysis and epiphysis
Diaphysis
- cylindrical shaft of bone
Marrow
- contains hematopoietic cells
- becomes increasingly fatty with age
Periosteum
- fibrous outer bony envelope
- contains osteoprogenitor cells
- incolced in repair and remodeling
Endosteum
- inner bony envelope |
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Term
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Definition
Adult Bone Marrow
small red dots are the hematopoietic areas left (mostly fat) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Outer layer of undifferentiated cells |
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Term
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Definition
Fracture Callus
periosteum towards top
woven bone under that
subperiosteal accumulation of woven bone made of osteoblasts from periosteum |
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Term
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Definition
Endosteum
inner bony envelope |
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Term
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Definition
Endochondral ossification
- most common
- from cartilage
Intramembranous ossification
- at primary and secondary ossification centers |
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Term
| Describe the components of cartilage |
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Definition
Chondrocytes
- live in lacunae
- secrete matrix
Matrix
- glycosaminoglycans
- territorial matrix
there are no vessels or nerves
- nutrients must diffuse in
- not a source of pain |
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Term
| Describe the 2 forms of growth in cartilage |
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Definition
appositional
- from perichondrium
- perichondrium is lost in adult articular cartilage
interstitial
- expansion from within
- matrix and cell numbers increase
- most impt in young animals |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of cartilage & where are they found? |
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Definition
Hyaline (glassy)
- fetal skeleton
- articular surfaces of bone
- respiratory tree (nose, trachea, larynx)
Elastic
- has elastic fibers b/w chondrocytes
- ear (pinna, external ear canal)
Fibrocartilage
- cartilage mixed with dense collagen
- chondrocytes are in rows
- intervertebral discs (annulus fibrosus)
- menisci
- tendon & ligament attachments to bone |
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Term
| Describe the 3 types of bone cells |
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Definition
Osteoblasts
- produce bone
- polygonal cells in rows along bone surface
- secrete and mineralize osteoid (unmineralized bone)
- produce alkaline phosphatase
Osteoclasts
- 10% of osteoblasts become embedded osteocytes
- live in lacunae (one cell per lacuna)
- long cell processes allow communicatino between cells
Osteoclasts
- multinucleated giant cells of bone marrow origin
- remove bone
- brush or ruffled border
- howship's lacunae (depression formed by osteoclast) |
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Term
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Definition
Mineral
- the majority of bone is mineral
- hydroxyapatitie crystal = calcium and phosphorous (5:3 ratio)
- mineral gives bone its rigidity
Collagen
- polarized light required to see collagen
- gives bone its tensile strength |
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Term
| Describe the microscopic organization of bone |
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Definition
Woven Bone
- immature bone
- formed during growth
- formed during repair
- haphazardly arranged collagen fibers
Lamellar Bone
- mature bone
- parallel collagen fibers
- osteons (cylinders of concentric lamellae)
* haversion canals at center of osteon
* blood vessels and nerves w/in canal
- stronger than woven bone |
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Term
| Describe the different configurations of bone |
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Definition
Compact Bone
- solid bone with minimal marrow
- can be woven or lamellar
- makes up the cortex of bones
Cancellous Bone
- trabeculae arranged in 3 dimensional lattice
- bone marrow between trabeculae
- can be woven or lamellar
- found inside of bones
- "spongy bone" (not) |
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Term
| Describe endochondral ossification |
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Definition
- bones begin as cartilage models
- primary ossification centers become diaphysis
- secondary ossification centers become epiphysis
- cartilage grows, mineralizes, then ossifies
- physis remains for longitudinal growth
a) resting chondrocytes
b) proliferating chondrocytes
c) hypertrophied chondrocytes (weakest zone)
d) calcified cartilage *part of primary spongiosa*
e) woven bone *part of primary spongiosa*
f) lamellar bone *part of primary spongiosa*
g) secondary spongiosa is all lamellar bone
- physis becomes bone at skeletal maturity
- most long bones form this way |
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Term
| Describe intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
- bone forms from condensed mesenchymal cells
- osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoblasts
- cartilage not involved
- flat bones (skull) |
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Term
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Definition
- occurs constantly, even in adults
- weight bearing determines bone density
- bone density can only be increased by remodeling
- bone removal must precede bone deposition |
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Term
| What are the types of joints? |
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Definition
Synarthroses
- bones connected by dense collagen
- sutures of the skull
Amphiarthroses
- bones connected by fibrocartilage
- IV discs
Diarthroses
- diarthrodial or synoval joints
- ends of bones covered by hyaline cartilage
- bones connected by ligaments (attached by sharpey's fibers), fibrous joint capsule
- synovial membrane lines inside of joint, and inside of tendon sheaths, synoviocytes produce synovial fluid, not an epithelial lining
- synovial fluid lubricates joint (very viscous) & provides nutrients to cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Endochondral ossification
from cartilage (fetal skeleton is all hyaline cartilage)
most common from of growth |
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Term
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Definition
endochondral ossification
secondary ossification center (top)
- as epiphysis turns to bone
primary ossification center (bottom)
- as diaphysis turns to bone |
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Term
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Definition
Endochondral ossification
top = resting zone
2nd layer = proliferating zone (looks like stacked coins)
- you want you coins to proliferate
3rd layer = hypertrophied zone (weakest part)
- swollen, clear cytoplasm
- really expanded cells
- where frx will occur
- very little matrix
bottom layer = calcified cartilage |
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Term
| In growing bones, which zone is more likely to be a site of fracture? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Endochondral ossification
notice resting zone, proliferating zone, hypertrophied zone and calcified cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Primary Spongiosa (b/c presence of blue cartilage in bone)
top = calcified cartilage
middle = woven bone
bottom = lamellar bone |
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Term
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Definition
Primary (just below physis) and secondary ossification centers (at the bottom)
diaphysis is all lamellar bone |
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Term
| Most long bones are formed by ______________ ossification. |
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Definition
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Term
| The bones of the skull are formed by ________ ossification. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
intramembranous ossification
calvarium, embryo |
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Term
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Definition
intramembranous ossification
some have open fontanelle (closes with age)
most have closed to form sutures |
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Term
| _______ determines bone density. |
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Definition
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Term
| When is bone remodeling impt in animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the amt of movement in each of the 3 joint types. |
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Definition
synarthroses
- don't move much
amphiarthroses
- intermediate movement
diarthroses
- move a lot |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
synarthroses - skull sutures
fibrous tissue b/w bones (fibrous joint) |
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Term
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Definition
Amphiarthroses - IV discs
fibrocartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| Diarthroses = Synovial Joint (hyaline cartilage) |
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Term
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Definition
Synovial membrane
notice dark purple synoviocytes which produce synovial fluids |
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Term
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Definition
Diarthroses = Synovial Joint
consists of:
- ligament (dense fibrous connective tissue)
- sharpey's fibers (fibrocartilage that attaches ligament to bone)
- hyaline cartilage
- joint capsule (fibrous sleeve that surrounds joint)
- synovial membrane
- synoviocytes lining synovial membrane (produce synovial fluid)
- synovial fluid (the only thing providing nutrients to cartilage) |
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