Term
| what is generation time? how is it recorded? |
|
Definition
- time it takes for population to double
-ALWAYS recorded with 2 sig.figs. in micro |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 phases of the growth curve? at which stage are microorganisms most susceptible? |
|
Definition
-lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, decline/death phase
-most susceptible at log phase |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things are happening during the lag phase? |
|
Definition
1. dna synthesis
2. protein synthesis
3. acquiring nutrients |
|
|
Term
| which stages of growth curve can be extended with a chemostat? |
|
Definition
| log phase, or stationary phase |
|
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Term
| give temp range and optimal temp for each category: psychrotrophs, psychrophiles, mesophiles, thermophiles |
|
Definition
psychrotrophs: 0-30C (32-86F), opt-23(73)(room temp)
psychrophiles: -5-20C, opt-15(59F)
mesophiles: 10-50C, opt-30-40(86-104F)
thermophiles: 40-70C, opt-55-60(131-140F) |
|
|
Term
| which type of cold tolerant mo does well at room temp? which one doesn't? |
|
Definition
does well - psychrotrophs
doesn't - psychrophiles |
|
|
Term
| which temp.class do most human pathogens fit into? what kind most likely to be found in refrigerator? |
|
Definition
pathogen - mesophiles
fridge - psycrophiles |
|
|
Term
| what kind of mo is killed by oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are microaerophilic and aerotolerant bacteria? what type of infections are often caused by microaerophilic bact.? where are aeroltolerant bact. used? |
|
Definition
-microaerophillic - prefer smaller amounts of O2 than usually found in environment, cause many diabetic infections
-aerotolerant - dont use O2 but aren't killed by it. fermentation bacteria |
|
|
Term
| explain the oxygen enzyme cycle. |
|
Definition
| atmospheric O2 - super oxide free radical (O2-) - super oxide dismutase converts to hyd.peroxide(H2O2) - catalase converts hyd.peroxide to H2O and O2 - repeat |
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Term
| what specific molecules allow extremophiles to thrive in harsh environments? what is the minimum temp. for extreme thermophiles? |
|
Definition
- extremozymes
- greater than 80C(176F) |
|
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Term
| Why is Thermus aquaticus of interest to bioprospecting? what enzyme produced? |
|
Definition
| - produces heat tolerant dna polymerase called TAG polymerase (Thermus aquaticus polymerase) |
|
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Term
| What is the scientist and organism studied from the vidoe? what was the conclusion about domain placement based on? |
|
Definition
-Dr. Setter
-Thermotoga maritima
-Domain Bacteria, not Archea, because it has peptidoglycan |
|
|
Term
| what are two uses bioprospectors have found for high acid extremophiles? |
|
Definition
-easily digestable foods (such as Ensure) for elderly and immuno- compromised
-breaking down parts of plants/animals not normally digestable for pet/animal feed |
|
|
Term
| what common product involves alkaline tolerant extremophiles? explain. |
|
Definition
| Shout stain remover and stone washed jeans - gene coding for alkaline tolerant enzyme inserted into E.coli, enzyme produced and added to detereants/cleansers to break down protein-based stains |
|
|
Term
| what are the 8 basic chemical steps of glycolysis? what enzymes are involved? |
|
Definition
1. glucose
2. glucose 6 phosphate (kinase)
3. fructose 6 phosphate (isomerase)
4. fructose 1,6 diphosphate (kinase)
5. glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
6. glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
7. phosphoenol pyruvate
8. pyruvate (kinase) |
|
|
Term
| what 2 sets of compunds in glycolysis are isomers of each other? |
|
Definition
1. glucose 6P - fructose 6P
2. glyceraldehyde 3P - dihydroxyacetone phosphate |
|
|
Term
| how much ATP produced in glycolysis? used? how much NADH produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is done to glucose after it is absorbed through cell membrane to keep it from traveling back across? |
|
Definition
| phosphate added from ATP through kinase enzyme |
|
|
Term
What steps of glycolysis require ATP?
What steps produce ATP? |
|
Definition
required:
1. glucose 6C - glucose 6P
2. fructose 6P - fructose 1,6 diP
produced:
1. (2)glyceraldehyde 3P - (2)phosphoenol pyruvate
2. (2)phosphoenol pyruvate - (2)pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps and enzymes involved in the entner-douderoff pathway? |
|
Definition
1. glucose
2. glucose 6 phosphate (kinase)
3. 6-phosphogluconic acid
4. 2-keto 3-deoxy 6-phosphogluconic acid
5. pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
6. phosphoenol pyruvate
7. pyruvate |
|
|
Term
| what is the net gain for the entner-douderoff pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which pathway results in gas production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some organisms that use the pentose phosphate shunt? |
|
Definition
| E.Coli, Bacillus, Leuconostoc |
|
|
Term
| what can ribose be used for? what pathway can result in ribose? |
|
Definition
nucleic acid synthesis
-pentose phosphate shunt |
|
|
Term
| where does citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle/TCA occur in prokaryotes? eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
pro - cytoplasm
eu - mitochndria |
|
|
Term
| what is the advantage of the citric acid cycle? what is the gain per turn of cycle? |
|
Definition
-small amounts of energy released at a time (more options for E)
-1 ATP, 1 FADH2, 2CO2, 3 NADH |
|
|
Term
| what is the theory that explains mitochondria and chloroplasts? what is the evidence to support this? |
|
Definition
endosymbiont theory
1. right size
2. plasma membranes with no sterols (like prokaryotes)
3. dna for metabolic processes are 'protected' by their postition on chromosome |
|
|
Term
| what happens to pyruvate before entering the citric acid cycle? |
|
Definition
| pyruvate (3C) loses a carbon as CO2 becoming acetyl CoA (2C), joins with a 4C created in citric acid cycle to become citric acid (6C) |
|
|
Term
| what 2 forms of potential energy are formed by the citric acid cycle? how much ATP is formed from each one? |
|
Definition
NADH - 3 ATP
FADH2 - 2 ATP |
|
|
Term
| how is potential energy converted to ATP? |
|
Definition
electron transport system
- H+ protein carriers in membrane set up a hydrogen ion differential, pulling H+ across the membrane then through ATP synthase proteins, forming ATP |
|
|
Term
| what is the final electron acceptor molecule, when present, and what product is formed? if not present, what are the other possible acceptors and products? what organisms use these? |
|
Definition
-O2- H2O
-Nitrate - nitrite (Pseudomonas, Bacillus)
-Sulfate - Hyd.Sulfide (Desulfovibrio)
-Carbonate - methane (Methanopyrus) |
|
|
Term
What is unusual about each organism in regards to metabolism?
Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Methanopyrus, Desulfovibrio, E.coli, Leuconostoc |
|
Definition
Pseudomonas - entner douderoff, nitrate final acceptor
Bacillus - Pentose ph.shunt, nitrate final acceptor
Methanopyrus - carbonate final acceptor
Desulfovibrio - suflate final acceptor
E.Coli - pent.ph.shunt
Leuconostoc - pent.ph.shunt |
|
|
Term
| what type of bacteria tend to use the entner douderoff pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does electron transport happen in eukaryotes? in prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
eu - mitochondria
pro - plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| what are the potential outcomes of pyruvate when O2 is not present? |
|
Definition
1. electron transport w/alternative final acceptor
2. production of other organic molecules - fermentation |
|
|
Term
| what type of fermentation is homofermentative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some organisms that ferment pyruvate directly to lactic acid? what food products? |
|
Definition
-Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Bacillus
-yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, pepperoni |
|
|
Term
| what type of fermentation do Sacchoromyces excel at? what type of organisms do this? what food products? |
|
Definition
alcohol fermentation
-yeasts only. NOT BACTERIA
-alcohols, bread |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of alcohol fermentation? |
|
Definition
1. pyruvate (3C)
2. Acetaldehyde (2C) + CO2
3. Alcohol (ethanol) (2C) |
|
|
Term
| what prducts produced from propionic fermentation? what organism? what food products? |
|
Definition
propionic acid, acetic acid, CO2, H2
-Propionibacterium
-fat fermented to make swiss cheese |
|
|
Term
| what products produced from butyric acid fermentation? what organism? |
|
Definition
- butyric acid, butanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, CO2
- Clostridium |
|
|
Term
| what products formed from mixed acid pathway? what organisms? what test used to detect this pathway? |
|
Definition
-lactic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, CO2, H2, ethanol
- Eschericia, Salmonella
- Methyl Red Test (acids bring pH down) |
|
|
Term
| what products formed from Butanediol fermentation? what organism? what test used and what is detected? |
|
Definition
-formic acid, lactic acid, CO2, H2, ethanol, butanediol, acetoin
- Enterobacter
- Voges Proskauer test detects acetoin |
|
|
Term
| what two fermentation types does MRVP test differentiate? |
|
Definition
methyl red - mixed acid
voges-proskauer - butanediol |
|
|
Term
| which pathways can produce pyruvate that may be used in fermentation? |
|
Definition
| all three - glycolysis, entner douderoff, pentose phosphate shunt |
|
|
Term
| what organisms naturally perform transformation of dna? |
|
Definition
| Bacillus, Streptococcus, some Staphylococcus, NOT - E.COLI |
|
|
Term
| what are the steps of the pentose phosphate shunt? |
|
Definition
1. glucose
2. glucose 6Phosphate
3. 6 - phosphogluconic acid
4. CO2 and Ribulose
5. Ribulose to calvin cylce
OR to Ribose OR to other 5C
6. 7C and Glyceraldehyd 3Phosphate
OR 4C and Fructose 6 Phosphate
7. Glyceraldehyde 3P to phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate
OR Fructose 6 Phosphate to Glyceraldehyde 6P to glycolysis or back into pent.ph.shunt |
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