Term
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Definition
| The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product. (foods, antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes) |
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Term
| Recombinant RNA (rDNA) technology |
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Definition
| Insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Self-replicating DNA used to carry the desired gene to a new cell. Must have an origin of replication. And must have an MCS and selection markers |
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Term
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Definition
Multiple cloning site.
The insertion point for DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Population of cells arising from one cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture a naturally occurring microbe that produces the desired product |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutagens cause mutations that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait |
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Term
| Site-directed mutagenesis |
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Definition
| Change a specific DNA code to change a protein. (select and culture a microbe with the desired mutation) |
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Term
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Definition
Cut specific sequences of DNA
Destroy bacteriophage DNA in bacterial cells
Cannot digest (host) DNA with methylated cytosines |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry new DNA to desired cell. Viruses and plasmids can be used as vectors |
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Term
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Definition
| Can exist in several different species |
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Term
Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR) |
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Definition
| To make multiple copies of a piece of DNA emzymatically. Used to clone DNA for recombination, amplify DNA to detectable levels, sequence DNA, diagnose genetic disease, detect pathogens. |
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Term
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Definition
Incubate target DNA at 94 degrees for 1 minute to separate strands.
Add primers, nucleotides, and DNApol.
Primers attach to single stranded DNA during incubation at 60 degrees for 1 minute.
Incubate at 72 degrees for 1 minute for DNApol to copy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeat cycle of heating and cooling to make 2 more copies of DNA |
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Term
| Inserting foreign DNA into cells |
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Definition
DNA can be inserted into cells by:
Electroporation, transformation, protoplast fusion, gene gun, microinjection |
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Term
| Process of protoplast fusion |
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Definition
| Bacterial cell walls are emzymatically digested, producing protoplasts. Protoplasts are treated with polyethylene glycol. Protoplasts fuse. Segments of the 2 chromosomes recombine. Recombinant cell grows new cell wall. |
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Term
Obtaining DNA:
Genomic libraries |
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Definition
| Made of pieces of an entire genome stored in plasmids or phages |
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Term
Obtaining DNA:
Complementary DNA (cDNA) |
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Definition
| Made from mRNA be reverse transcriptase |
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Term
| Making complementary DNA for a euk gene |
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Definition
| Introns are taken out and Exons are put together. mRNA is isolated from the cell. Reverse transcriptase is added and DNA is synthesized. mRNA is digested by reverse transcriptase. DNApol is added to synthesize second strand of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is made by DNA synthesis machine |
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Term
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Definition
| Used because its easily grown and its genomics are known. Need to eliminate endotoxin from products. Cells must be lysed to get product |
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Term
Making a product:
Saccharomyces cerevisiae |
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Definition
| Easily grown and genomics are known. May express euk genes easily |
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Term
Making a product:
Plant cells and whole plants |
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Definition
| Express euk genes easily, plants are easily grown |
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Term
Making a product:
Mammalian cells |
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Definition
| Express euk genes easily. Harder to grow |
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Term
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Definition
Human enzymes and other proteins
Subunit vaccines
No pathogenic viruses carrying genes for pathogen's antigens as DNA vaccines
Gene therapy to replace defective or missing genes |
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Term
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Definition
| Nucleotides have been sequenced. Human proteome project may provide diagnostics and treatments |
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Term
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Definition
| Block a gene to determine its function |
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Term
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Definition
| Understanding DNA, sequencing organisms' genomes, DNA fingerprinting and identification |
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Term
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Definition
| PCR. Primer for specific organism will lead to detection if that organism is present |
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Term
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Definition
| Newly made DNA is tagged with a fluorescent dye, the levels of fluorescence can be measured after every PCR cycle |
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Term
Reverse-transcription
(RT-PCR) |
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Definition
| Reverse transcriptase makes DNA from viral RNA or mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Differs from medicine because it requires proper evidence collection and establishing a chain of custody |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria can make molecule-sized particles |
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Term
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Definition
| Bt toxin, herbicide resistance, suppression of genes-antisense DNA, nutrition, human proteins |
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Term
| Safety issues and ethics of using rDNA |
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Definition
| Need to avoid accidental release. Genetically modified crops must be safe for consumption and for the environment |
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