1.  Eukaryotic cells are

a.   less complex than prokaryotic cells.

b.   members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

c.   defined by the presence of a membrane bound nucleus.

d.   able to reproduce more rapidly than prokaryotes.

e.   less complex than prokaryotic cells, members of the domains Bacteria and Archaea AND able to reproduce more rapidly than prokaryotes.

C defined by the presence of a membrne bound nucleus

2.  The two magnifying lenses found in a light microscope are the

a.   basic and transverse.

b.   small and large.

c. ocular and objective.

d.   simple and phase

The resolving power of a microscope is described as the ability of the microscope to

a.   separate clearly two objects that are very close together.

b.   magnify an object.

c.   separate the colors of an organism's internal structure.d.   see structures at various depths in a tissue.

4.  The microscope which allows the specimen to appear 3-dimensional is the

a.   phase contrast microscope.

b.   interference microscope.

c.   fluorescence microscope.

d.   dark-field microscope.

5.  Which of the following microscope types would be least useful in viewing unstained living cells?

a.   phase contrast

b.   interference

c.   bright-field

d.   dark-field

6.  Basic dyes

a.   have negative charges.

b.   have positive charges.

c.   are electrically neutral.

d.   contain both positively and negatively charged particles

7.  Which of the following stains is/are considered differential?

a.   capsule stain.

b.   flagella stain.

c.   acid fast stain.

d.   Gram stain.

e   acid fast stain AND Gram stain.

8.  The Gram stain and the endospore stain both use

a.   basic dyes.

b.   acidic dyes.

c.   safranin.

d.   methylene blue.

e. basic dyes and safranin

E   basic dyes AND safranin

Individual atoms on the surface of prepared samples can be observed by using the

a.   phase contrast microscope.

b.   scanning electron microscope.

c.   dark-field microscope.

d. atomic force microscope

D   atomic force microscope

If by accident the strong acid-fast decolorizer were used in the Gram stain, the bacteria would

a.  all appear Gram-negative.

b.   all appear Gram-positive.

c.   have no effect on the outcome.

d.   show spores easily.

11.  In viewing a microscopic specimen, oil is used to

a.   increase the refraction.

b.   decrease the refraction.

c.   increase the reflection.

d.   increase the resolution.

e.   decrease the refraction AND increase the resolution

12.  The order of reagents in the Gram stain reaction are

a.   safranin, alcohol, methylene blue, iodine.

b.   crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin.

c.   methylene blue, alcohol, safranin.

d.   crystal violet, alcohol, iodine, safranin

B   crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin

13.  The major criteria used in placing bacteria into different groups is based on differences in

a.   cell wall structure.

b.   cell membrane permeability.

c.   presence or absence of flagella.

d.   detergent susceptibility.

14.  In a basic staining procedure, which is the correct order?

a.   fix, smear, stain

b.   smear, fix, stain

c.   fix, stain, decolorize

d.   smear, decolorize, stain

15.  The acid-fast stain

a.   reflects differences in cytoplasmic membrane structure.

b.   is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium.

c.   uses crystal violet and safranin.

d.   uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue

e.   is useful for distinguishing a small group of organisms, including Mycobacterium AND uses carbolfuchsin and methylene blue

16.  Capsules

a.   take up stain well.

b.   may correlate with an organism's ability to cause disease.

c.   are typically "negatively" stained.

d.   are stained as a wet mount.    

e. may correlate with an organism's ability to cause disease, are typically "negatively" stained AND are stained as a wet mount.

17.  The endospore stain

a.   is applicable to only a few groups of bacteria.

b.   usually shows the spores as green structures among a background of pink cells.

c.   uses crystal violet as the primary stain.

d.   is an example of a negative stain.

e.   is applicable to only a few groups of bacteria AND usually shows the spores as green structures among a background of pink cells

18.  Which fluorescent stain would be useful for distinguishing between dead and living bacteria?

 a.   acridine orange

b.   auramine

c.   rhodamine

d.  CTC

19.  Immunofluorescence

a.   uses fluorescently tagged molecules.

b.   makes use of the specificity in binding of antibodies.

c.   utilizes acridine orange.

d.   would require a special UV microscope.

e. uses fluorescently tagged molecules, makes use of the specificity in binding of antibodies AND would require a special UV microscope

20.  Which term(s) refer(s) to bacterial morphology?

a.   Bacillus

b.   coccus

c.   bacillus

d.   polyhedral

e.  coccus AND bacillus

21.  Which is not true of the cytoplasmic membrane?

a.   It defines the boundaries of the cell.

b.   It is a semipermeable barrier.

c.   It consists mainly of a fixed, static phospholipid bilayer.

d.   It uses proteins as selective gates and sensors.

e.   All of the choices are true.

22.  Which is true of simple diffusion of water?

 a.   Water usually enters a cell and produces a tremendous pressure.

b.   Water usually leaves the cell and produces negative pressure.

c.   Water tends to enter and leave the cell equally, resulting in no pressure in the cell.

d.   The diffusion ultimately relies on the semipermeable nature of the cell membrane.

e.   Water usually enters a cell and produces a tremendous pressure AND the diffusion ultimately relies on the semipermeable nature of the cell membrane.

23.  The cytoplasmic membrane of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes functions to

a.   form endoplasmic reticulum.

b.   produce energy.

c. regulate movement of molecules which enter and leave the cell.

d.   form lysosomes and golgi apparatus.

 24.  The proteins that bacteria are involved in, in the movement of small molecules into the cell, are called

a.   transport proteins.

b.   permeases.

c.   carriers.

d.   peptidases.

e   transport proteins, permeases AND carriers. 

25.  The macromolecule found in the cell walls of all bacteria is

a.   diaminopimelic acid.

b.   teichoic acid.

c  peptidoglycan

d.   glycocalyx

26.  Facilitated diffusion and active transport

a.  both transport molecules into or out of a cell.

b.   are both not very specific as to which molecules are transported.

c.   both require a concentration gradient to function.

d.   both require an expenditure of energy in order to transport the molecules.

e.   both require a concentration gradient to function AND both require an expenditure of energy in order to transport the molecules.

27.  Which is (are ) true concerning the cell wall of prokaryotes?

a.   It determines the shape of the bacteria.

b.   It prevents the bacteria from bursting.

c.   It contains peptidoglycan.

d.   It may be targeted by antimicrobials.

e.   All of the choices are true.

29.  The cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria

a.   contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan.

b.  contains a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

c.   is, due to its thickness, an excellent barrier to most molecules.

d.   contains an outer membrane containing LPS.

e.   contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan AND contains an outer membrane containing LPS.

30.  Which molecules are associated with the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria?

a.   peptidoglycan

b.   D-form amino acids

c.   teichoic acids

d.   LPS

e.  peptidoglycan, D-form amino acids AND teichoic acids.

31.  The cell wall of Gram-negative organisms

a.   has a thick peptidoglycan layer.

b.   has a thin peptidoglycan layer.

c.   is more permeable to various molecules than the Gram-positive cell wall.

d.   is characterized by an outer membrane containing LPS.

e.   has a thin peptidoglycan layer AND is characterized by an outer membrane containing LPS.

32.  Endotoxin

a.  consists of LPS.

b.   determines bacterial shape.

c.   may have different effects depending on the specific bacterial source.

d.   is toxic due to the effects of the peptide side chains.

e.   determines bacterial shape, may have different effects depending on the specific bacterial source AND is toxic due to the effects of the peptide side chains. 

33.  Penicillin would be most effective against

a.   non-growing bacteria

.b.   growing bacteria.

c.   Gram-positive bacteria.

d.   Gram-negative bacteria.

e.  growing bacteria AND Gram-positive bacteria

34.  Peptidoglycan

a.   may be digested by penicillin.

b.   consists of a long string of NAG coupled to a long string of NAM.

c.  may be digested by lysozyme.

d.   is used to construct a spheroplast

35.  Spheroplasts

a.   are the result of stripping the peptidoglycan layer from Gram-positive bacteria.

b.   are the result of stripping the peptidoglycan layer from Gram-negative bacteria.

c.   retain the original bacterial shape.

d.   are very strong and resist bursting due to osmotic pressure

36.  Which of the following bacteria lack a cell wall?

a.   Treponema pallidum

b.   Mycobacterium tuberculosis

c.   Staphylococcus aureus

d.  Mycoplasma pneumonia

37.  Which may result in Gram-positive bacteria appearing to be Gram-negative?

a.   decolorizing too long

b.   decolorizing too short

c.   using old cultures

d.   using young cultures

e.  decolorizing too long AND using old cultures

38.  The capsule

 a.   may be used for protection.

b.   may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces.

c.   may be involved in movement.

d.   may be involved in energy production.

e.   may be used for protection AND may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces. 

39.  The structures used for motility in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes are

a.   cilia.

b.   flagella.

c.   pili.

d.   fimbriae.

40.  Movement in bacteria a.   is directly to or away from

a stimulus.

b.   relies on the beating of cilia. 

c. is often referred to as run and tumble.

d.   may involve pili.

e.  is often referred to as run and tumble AND may involve pili. 

41.  Extrachromasomal DNA is found in

a.   mitochondria

b.   plasmids

c.   nucleoid

d.   nucleoli

e.  mitochondria AND plasmids

42.  Endospores are

a.   a dormant cell type.

b.   a form of reproduction.

c.   an obligate intracellular parasite.

d.   sensitive to damaging environmental conditions. 

43.  Eukaryotic cells

a.   are more obviously compartmentalized than prokaryotes.

b.   usually have a single circular supercoiled piece of DNA.

c.   contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall.

d.   have the same size ribosomes as prokaryotes.

e.   usually have a single circular supercoiled piece of DNA AND contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall.

44.  The membranes of eukaryotes and mycoplasma

a.   contain peptidoglycan.

b.  contain sterols for "strength".

c.   contain ergosterol.

d.   are fixed static structures

45.  Phagocytosis

a.  is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by animal cells.

b.   is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by bacteria.

c.   is the secretion of proteins.

d.   is the formation of a lysosome.

e.   is the ingestion of particles and may be performed by bacteria AND is the formation of a lysosome.

46.  The cytoskeleton

a.   is a dynamic structure composed of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. 

.   is a static structure that gives a rigid shape to the cell.

c.   consists of flagella and cilia that are internalized.

d.   is not necessary for movement or reproduction.

e.   is a static structure that gives a rigid shape to the cell, consists of flagella and cilia that are internalized AND is not necessary for movement or reproduction

47.  The nucleus

a.   is a double membrane sac containing DNA and is found in eukaryotes.

b.   is a single phospholipid membrane sac containing prokaryotic DNA.

c.   is a smaller structure contained within the eukaryotic nucleolus.

d.   cannot transport molecules to the cytoplasm due to the double membrane barrier.

48.  Which is not true of mitochondria and chloroplasts?

a.   They are found in all organisms.

b.   They contain DNA and 70S ribosomes.

c.   They are capable of performing protein synthesis.

d.   They generate ATP.

 49.  An advantage of the smaller size of prokaryotes, compared to eukaryotes, is

a.   high surface area relative to low cell volume.

b.   more rapid growth rates.

c.   compartmentalization of cellular processes in membrane-bound organelles.

d.   predators, parasites, and competitors constantly surround them.

e.   high surface area relative to low cell volume AND more rapid growth rates.

50.  The use of oil with certain high power objective lenses increases

 a.   magnification

.b.   the amount of light that enters the objective lens.

c.   resolution.

d.   contrast.

e.   All of the choices are correct.

51.  Electron microscopes differ from light microscopes in that

a.   electrons replace light.

b.   electromagnets replace glass lenses.

c.   resolution is higher.

d.   magnification is higher.

e. all the choices are correct

52.  Specimens can be observed at the atomic level using a(n)

a.   scanning electron microscope

b.   transmission electron microscope.

c.   atomic force microscope.

d.   All of the choices are correct.

e.   None of the choices is correct.

Which of the following best matches the description:
53. Mitochondria
a. prokaryote
b. eukaryote
c. prokaryote and eukaryote 

Which of the following best matches the description:
54. flagella
a. prokaryote
b. eukaryote
c. prokaryote and eukaryote 

c prokarypto and eukaryote

Which of the following best matches the description:

55 endoplasmic reticulum
a. prokaryote
b. eukaryote
c. prokaryote and eukaryote 

Which of the following best matches the description:

56. Pili
a. prokaryote
b. eukaryote
c. prokaryote and eukaryote 

Which of the following best matches the description:

57 Golgi Apparatus
a. prokaryote
b. eukaryote
c. prokaryote and eukaryote 

Which of the following best matches the description:
58. cytoskeleton
a. prokaryote
b. eukaryote
c. prokaryote and eukaryote 

Which of the following best matches the description:
59. histones
a. prokaryote
b. eukaryote
c. prokaryote and eukaryote 

Which of the following best matches the description:
60 phagocytosis
a. prokaryote
b. eukaryote
c. prokaryote and eukaryote 

Which of the following best matches the description:
61. sterols
a. prokaryote
b. eukaryote
c. prokaryote and eukaryote 

It is possible for drugs used to affect prokaryotic protein synthesis to also affect the functioning of eukaryotic cells. Many of these drugs work by interfering with ribosome function. Problems may arise if the drug keys on parts of the ribosome that are not quite so unique. In particular, a problem may arise with the mitochondrial ribosome. This ribosome is very similar to that of the prokaryotic ribosome. Therefore, the drug could interfere not only with prokaryotic protein synthesis but also with mitochondrial protein synthesis and mitochondrial function.

It is now widely thought that the mitochondria and chloroplasts were free-living organisms at some point in the past. Many of the characteristics of these organelles suggest a free-living past. In particular these organelles: are about the size of a bacterium, have their own DNA, have their own ribosomes which resemble prokaryotic ribosomes, divide separately from the nucleus, produce their own proteins, and have a double-walled lipid membrane. The mitochondria may have come from purple bacteria, the chloroplasts from cyanobacteria, and the nucleocytoplasm from Archaea.