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MFT Exam
Marriage and Family Therapy Exam
234
Other
Graduate
04/15/2012

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Term
Experiential (Key Theorists)
Definition
Carl Whitaker; Walter Kempler
Term
Experiential (Historical Overview)
Definition
grew out of humanistic psychology and Gestalt therapy; formed Atlanta Psychiatric Clinic
Term
Experiential (Key Concepts)
Definition
Person of the therapist; existential encounter; therapy of the absurd; individuation; family interaction (flexible roles, permeable boundaries, flexible coalitions, intimacy needs, maintaining commitment, resolving conflict)
Term
Experiential (Person of the Therapist)
Definition
Therapists are encouraged to be spontaneous and fully themselves (therapist's own emotional response to what is happening in the room is primary source of inspiration for interventions)
Term
Experiential (Existential Encounter)
Definition
authentic meeting of the therapist and client in present moment (critical change factor)
Term
Experiential (Therapy of the Absurd)
Definition
"craziness" to the approach; spontaneity of the therapist- playfulness, mimicking, challenging remarks
Term
Experiential (Individuation)
Definition
primary goals in growth-oriented approach; each member allowed own perceptions and treatment as an individual
Term
Experiential (Family Interaction)
Definition
1) Flexible Roles; 2) Permeable Boundaries; 3) Flexible Coalitions; 4) Intimacy Needs; 4)Maintaining Commitment; 5) Resolving Conflict
Term
Experiential (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
therapy focuses on "growth"; symptom relief, cohesion, creating transgenerational boundary, growth
Term
Experiential (Structure)
Definition
Early, Middle, Late stages, weekly sessions from 6mths - 2yrs; Middle phase: Create alternative interactions, replace key players in certain conflicts with one's self, increasing focus on others besides the scapegoat, avoid blaming the caretaking parent/spouse;
Term
Experiential (Assessment)
Definition
focuses on competencies rather than problems; shells of context; trial of labor: disorganized boundaries, coalitions to avoid conflict, conflict, role rigidity, delegates, pseudomutuality/emotional cutoff, parental empathy
Term
Experiential (Techniques)
Definition
battle for structure; battle for initiative; expanding distress to include each member; activating constructive anxiety (positive anxiety), redefining symptoms, fantasy alternatives, separating interpersonal and intrapersonal stress, affective confrontation, co-therapist, "craziness, play, and humor"
Term
Intergenerational (Key Theorists)
Definition
Bowen
Term
Intergenerational (Historical Overview)
Definition
Bowen shifted from individual focus to treat the family as an "emotional unit" and highlighted the influcence of extended family members
Term
Intergenerational (Key Concepts)
Definition
Togetherness and individuality; Differentiation of Self; Triangles; Nuclear Family Emotional Process; Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass; Family Projection Process; Multigenerational Transmission Process; Sibling Position; Emotional Cutoff; Societal Emotional Process
Term
Intergenerational (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
1. Decrease Anxiety; 2. Increase differentiation in one or more family members (evidenced by an ability to objectively reflect on intense emotional situations)
Term
Intergenerational (Structure)
Definition
Phase 1: Assessment; Phase 2: Genogram; Phase 3: Differentiation
Term
Intergenerational (Assessment)
Definition
10 basic questions (Who initiated therapy?; What is the symptom and which family member is the IP?; Who is in the nuclear family of IP?; Patterns of emotional functioning?; etc...)
Term
Intergenerational (Techniques)
Definition
Detriangulate; Nonanxious Presence; genogram; Process Questions; supporting differentiation; going home again; displacement stories; coaching
Term
Intergenerational (Togetherness and Individuality)
Definition
Two counterbalancing life forces that the differentiated person is able to successfully balance
Term
Intergenerational (Intrapsychic Aspect of Differentiation
Definition
refers to the separation of feelings and thinking
Term
Intergenerational (Interpersonal Aspect of Differentiation)
Definition
Clearly distinguish self from others
Term
Intergenerational (Triangles)
Definition
influenced by level of anxiety; when anxiety increases, a third person (thing) is introduced to stabilize the relationship
Term
Intergenerational (Nuclear Family Emotional Process)
Definition
the flow of emotional process/patterns of emotional functioning (recurrent patterns and highly influenced by overall level of differentiation)
Term
Intergenerational (Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass)
Definition
nuclear family emotional process that is highly fused
Term
Intergenerational (Family Projection Process)
Definition
parents transmit their immaturity and lack of differentiation to their children
Term
CBT (Key Theorists)
Definition
Neil Jacobson; Ivan Pavlov; B.F. Skinner
Term
CBT (Historical Overview)
Definition
reaction to psychodynamic approach; influenced by Pavlov's classical conditioning; Watson's work with phobias
Term
CBT (Classical Conditioning)
Definition
process by which an unconditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned response and is paired with a conditioned stimulus
Term
CBT (Operant Conditioning)
Definition
shaping a desired behavior by selectively rewarding that behavior so that it will occur more frequently
Term
CBT (Premack Principle)
Definition
use a person's preferred behavior to reinforce low-probability behaviors (to increase desired behaviors)
Term
CBT (Social-Exchange Theory)
Definition
in interpersonal interactions, people attempt to maximize "rewards" and minimize "costs"
Term
CBT (Social-Learning Theory)
Definition
highlights the process of vicarious learning
Term
CBT (A-B-C Theory)
Definition
activating events (A) do not cause the problem consequence (C) but the intermediary belief (B) about A causes (C)
Term
CBT (Key Concepts)
Definition
Classical conditioning; Operant Conditioning; Reinforcement; Primary and Secondary Reinforcements and Punishments; Extinction; Premack Principle; Social-exchange Theory; Social Learning Theory; A-B-C Theory; Family Schema; Parent-Skills Training; Behavioral Marital Therapy; Conjoint Sex Therapy; Functional Family Therapy
Term
CBT (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
to alter unproductive behavior and cognitive patterns to alleviate the problem and maladaptive symptoms: increase desired behavior/cognitions; decrease undesirable behavior/cognitions;improve problem-solving skills
Term
CBT (Structure)
Definition
Baseline Assessment; Intervention; Extinction
Term
CBT (Assessment)
Definition
Behaviorally define the problem; functional analysis; Baseline; contract
Term
CBT (Techniques)
Definition
Contracting; Functional Analysis; Modeling; Systematic Desensitization; Reinforcement Schedule; Shaping; Charting; Time out; Token Economy; Disputing Irrational Beliefs; psychoeducation; sensate-focus technique
Term
Solution-Focused (Key Theorists)
Definition
Steve de Shazer; Milton Erickson
Term
Solution-Focused (Key Concepts)
Definition
Solution and Future Focus; Strengths and Resources; Beginner's Mind; Change is Constant; Language and Meaning; Hope
Term
Solution-Focused (Historical Overview)
Definition
evolved from their initial work with the MRI problem-focused approach
Term
Solution-Focused (Beginner's Mind)
Definition
able to conceptualize a client and a client's situation without interference from preconceived ideas and beliefs
Term
Solution-Focused (Change is Constant)
Definition
change is viewed as a process that is inevitable and constant
Term
Solution-Focused (Language and Meaning)
Definition
language people use shapes their reality and assists in establishing the meaning of situations, relationships, others, and self
Term
Solution-Focused (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
focus on solutions and future possibilities; goals are central- concrete and attainable; set up ways to measure achievement and how one will know when the problem is solved
Term
Solution-Focused (Structure of Therapy)
Definition
1st Session: join and define problem; Setting Goals: attempt to identify how the problem will be solved and how will know problem has been alleviated; Subsequent Sessions: follow the first session "map"
Term
Solution-Focused (Assessment)
Definition
Motivation; solvable problems; what worked; exceptions; strengths and resources;
Term
Solution-Focused (3 Degrees of Motivation)
Definition
Visitor; Complainant; Customer
Term
Solution-Focused (Techniques)
Definition
Formula First Session Task; Miracle Question and Crystal Ball; Exception Questions; Compliments; Scaling Questions; On-track; eliciting strengths and resources; Inspiring Solutions & Solution Building
Term
Narrative (Key Theorists)
Definition
Michael White; David Epston;
Term
Narrative (Historical Overview)
Definition
introduced the work of philosopher Michel Foucault to psychotherapy; commitment to addressing sociopolitical issues in therapy
Term
Narrative (Key Concepts)
Definition
Textual & Narrative Metaphors; Unique Outcomes; Dominant & Subjugated Knowledges; Language; Politics; The problem is the problem; therapist positioning;
Term
Narrative (Textual & Narrative Metaphors)
Definition
primary tool people use to make sense of their lived experiences; events do not have inherent meaning outside these narratives
Term
Narrative (Unique Outcomes)
Definition
look for these in problem-saturated narratives to create narratives that reflect local knowledges, alternative possibilities; and more hopeful accounts; can be from past, present, future, or imagination;
Term
Narrative (Dominant & Subjugated Knowledges)
Definition
therapy often serves to resurrect subjugated knowledges (accounts that are generally denied voice because they do not fit with knowledge shaped by those in power)
Term
Narrative (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
to alter the problem-saturated story to reflect a preferred narrative as defined by the client
Term
Narrative (Structure of Therapy)
Definition
Begin with a unique outcome; ensure it represents preferred experience; plot the story; plot the story in landscape of consciousness; past experience has something in common with unique outcome; questions that link past episode with the present; questions to extend story into future
Term
Narrative (Assessment)
Definition
Knowing the person apart from the problem; unique outcomes; mapping effects
Term
Narrative (Techniques)
Definition
Deconstructive Listening; Deconstructive Questions; Externalization of the Problem; Relative-Influence Questioning; Preference and Permission Questions; Landscape of Action; Landscape of Consciousness; exploring specifications for personhood; situating comments; letters and certificates; audience/witnesses;
Term
Narrative (Mapping Effects)
Definition
curious about the effects problems have had on clients and how clients have affected the life of the problem
Term
Narrative (Deconstructive Listening)
Definition
type of listening that opens up space for new meaning and understandings
Term
Narrative (Deconstructive Questions)
Definition
help people unpack their stories or see them form different perspectives
Term
Narrative (Externalization of the Problem)
Definition
linguistically separating the problem from the person and often entails personifying the problem- turn the adjectives people typically use to describe themselves into nouns
Term
Narrative (Mapping the Influence of the Problem)
Definition
questioning involves broadening the description of the problem, including identifying the problem's influence on behavioral, emotional, physical, interactional, and attitudinal domains
Term
Narrative (Mapping the Influence of Persons)
Definition
questioning facilitates the discovery of "unique outcomes" and new information that contradicts the problem-saturated narrative
Term
Narrative (Landscape of Action)
Definition
inquires about the specific actions that constitute the preferred narrative
Term
Narrative (Landscape of Consciousness)
Definition
inquires about the meaning the person attributes to these events
Term
Narrative (Exploring Specifications for Personhood)
Definition
inquires about the outside influences that have shapred the client's identity, detailing the various sources, their history, and their effects in the client's life
Term
Narrative (Situating Comments)
Definition
publicly identify their own experiences and intentions that guide and affect their work, acknowledging shortcomings and inherent limitations as human beings
Term
Narrative (Letters and Certificates)
Definition
used to document new narratives
Term
Narrative (Audience/Witness)
Definition
clients invite significant people in their lives to witness new narratives by writing a letter, inviting them to a session, or involving them in outside rituals or conversations
Term
Collaborative (Key Theorists)
Definition
Harlene Anderson; Harry Goolishian
Term
Collaborative (Historical Overview)
Definition
each theorist maintains a distinct voice, but share similar social-constructionist premises and practices
Term
Collaborative (Key Concepts)
Definition
Human Systems as Language Systems; Problem-Organizing & Problem Dissolving Systems; Postmodernism & Social Constructionism in Action; Role of the Therapist; Dialogical Conversation; Relational Identity; Outer Talk and Inner Talk; Appropriately Unusual;
Term
Collaborative (Human Systems as Language Systems)
Definition
human systems are language-generating and meaning-generating systems
Term
Collaborative (Problem-Organizing & Problem Dissolving)
Definition
Problems are not experienced unless someone interprets a situation as "problematic"; therapy systems are created because a problem has been identified; clients and therapists co-create new meanings regarding the problem and reinterpretation leads to the problem no longer being experienced as a problem
Term
Collaborative (Postmodernism & Social Constructionism in Action)
Definition
therapist's primary "tool" is her philosophical stance; language is a medium for constructing our reality and therefore continually open to renegotiation.
Term
Collaborative (Role of the Therapist)
Definition
a conversational artist whose expertise is in the area of creating space for and facilitating a dialogical conversation; expert on therapeutic process rather than on the content of client's life; both conversational partners are changed
Term
Collaborative (Dialogical Conversation)
Definition
mutual exchange of ideas and understandings take place; approach to facilitate meaning-generating which opens new possibilities for action and relating
Term
Collaborative (Relational Identity)
Definition
we cannot know ourselves without being in relation to another; identities are intimately bound to our understanding of ourselves in relationship to others
Term
Collaborative (Outer Talk and Inner Talk)
Definition
used to distingiush those conversations we have with others and those that we have with ourselves while in conversation with others
Term
Collaborative (Appropriately Unusual)
Definition
therapists should strive to offer comments that are reflecting the familiar and the unfamiliar, which are most likely to promote alternative perspectives and new meanings
Term
Collaborative (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
transformation; client-determined goals; no therapist defined goals
Term
Collaborative (Assessment)
Definition
does not support a standardized assessment procedure; curious about how all persons in language systems view the problem; client's worldview
Term
Collaborative (Techniques)
Definition
not knowing and curiosity; specifics of not knowing; conversational questions; maintaining coherence with the client's story; accessing the "not yet said"; being public; addressing the therapeutic impasse; reflecting teams; accessing multiple voices in writing
Term
Collaborative (Structure of Therapy)
Definition
therapy conversation Is spontaneous which involves six componenets of internal and external dialogues
Term
Collaborative (Not knowing and curiosity)
Definition
frees therapists from needing to be experts on how clients ought to live their lives; therapist sincerely believe and trust clients as the "expert" of their stories
Term
Collaborative (Specifics of not knowing)
Definition
humility; uncertainty; mutual puzzling; multiple and contradictory idea; not understanding too quickly
Term
Collaborative (Conversational questions)
Definition
maximize new meanings and prompt further questions: based on what client is saying rather than theory; avoid asking any questions to which think therapist thinks they know the answer
Term
Collaborative (maintaining coherence with the client's story)
Definition
therapist must create a apce for clients to tell their stories in their own way by following the clients logic, staying in sync, and keeping pace
Term
Collaborative (Accessing the "Not Yet Said")
Definition
resource for change is in the private conversations that clients have never spoken or thought about- unspoken assumptions or meanings
Term
Collaborative (Being Public)
Definition
therapists share their private inner dialogues; being open about the business of therapy such as diagnoses and conversations
Term
Collaborative (Addressing the therapeutic impasse)
Definition
is the point when the dialogue breaks down and becomes a monologue
Term
Collaborative (Reflecting Teams)
Definition
used to promote new ideas by offering multiple perspectives about a problem; team observes first half of a session and then offers its reflections while the family and therapist observe
Term
Collaborative (Accessing Multiple Voices in Writing)
Definition
generate alternative perspectives with expectation that each new voice offers new possibilities for understanding
Term
Collaborative (Key Theorists)
Definition
Harlene Anderson; Harry Goolishian
Term
Collaborative (Historical Overview)
Definition
each theorist maintains a distinct voice, but share similar social-constructionist premises and practices
Term
Collaborative (Key Concepts)
Definition
Human Systems as Language Systems; Problem-Organizing & Problem Dissolving Systems; Postmodernism & Social Constructionism in Action; Role of the Therapist; Dialogical Conversation; Relational Identity; Outer Talk and Inner Talk; Appropriately Unusual;
Term
Collaborative (Human Systems as Language Systems)
Definition
people give meaning to their experiences and it is this shared meaning, rather than some external factor, that forms the core of any social system
Term
Collaborative (Problem Organizing, Problem Dissolving Systems)
Definition
Problems are not experiences unless someone interprets a situation as "problematic"; therapy systems are created because a problem has been identified; ongoing process of reinterpretation leads to the problem no longer being experienced as a problem
Term
Collaborative (Postmodernism & Social Constructionism)
Definition
therapist's primary "tool" is philosophical stance; language is a medium for constructing our reality and therefore continually open to renegotiation
Term
Collaborative (Role of Therapist)
Definition
a conversational artist whose expertise is in the area of creating space for and facilitating a dialogical conversation
Term
Collaborative (Dialogical Conversation)
Definition
a mutual exchange of ideas and understanding; opens new possibilities for action and relating
Term
Collaborative (Relational Identity)
Definition
we cannot know ourselves without being in relation to another; identities are intimately bound to our understanding of ourselves in relationship to others
Term
Collaborative (Outer talk and inner talk)
Definition
used to distinguish those conversations we have with others and those that we have with ourselves while in conversation with others
Term
Collaborative (Appropriately Unusual)
Definition
therapists should strive to offer comments that are reflecting the familiar and the unfamiliar; likely to promote alternative perspectives and new meanings
Term
Collaborative (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
promoting dialogues that are transformative; client-determined goals; no therapist defined goals
Term
Collaborative (Structure of Therapy)
Definition
therapy conversation is spontaneous which involves six componenets of internal and external dialogues
Term
Collaborative (Assessment)
Definition
curious about how all persons in language systems view the problem; client's worldview
Term
Collaborative (Techniques)
Definition
not knowing and curiosity; specifics of not knowing; conversational questions; maintaining coherence with the client's story; accessing the "not yet said"; being public; addressing the therapeutic impasse; reflecting teams; accessing multiple voices in writing
Term
Collaborative (Not knowing & curiosity)
Definition
frees therapist from needing to be experts on how clients ought to live their lives; recognizes that clients are the experts in the understanding and interpretation of their experiences; genuine curiosity
Term
Collaborative (Specifics of Not Knowing)
Definition
humility; uncertainty; mutual puzzling; multiple and contradictory ideas; not understanding too quickly;
Term
Collaborative (Conversational Questions)
Definition
questions are used to maximize new meanings and prompt further questions; based on what the client is saying rather than theory; avoid asking questions to which they think they know the correct answer
Term
Collaborative (Maintaining Coherence)
Definition
therapist must create a space for clients to tell their stories in their own way; follow flow and logic of the client's story
Term
Collaborative (Accessing the "Not Yet Said")
Definition
resource for change is in the yet-to-be-said private conversations that clients have never spoken or thought about
Term
Collaborative (Being Public)
Definition
requires that therapists share their private inner dialogues; also being open about the business of therapy such as diagnoses and conversations with outside systems
Term
Collaborative (Addressing the therapeutic impasse)
Definition
the point when the dialogue breaks down and becomes a monologue; therapist should ask "What am I not hearing?"
Term
Collaborative (Reflecting Teams)
Definition
used to promote new ideas by offering multiple perspectives about a problem; team observe first half of session and then offers its reflections while family and therapist observe
Term
Collaborative (Accessing Multiple Voices in Writing)
Definition
letter writing to generate alternative perspectives and make room for silenced inner voices or the voices of significant persons
Term
Milan (Key Theorists)
Definition
Boscolo, Cecchin. Palazzoli. Prata
Term
Milan (Historical Overview)
Definition
Founded the Milan Group Center for the Study of the Family in 1971; put into practice Bateson view of intervene with paradox
Term
Milan (Key Concepts)
Definition
Epistemology and Epistemological Error; Games; Meaning versus Action; Tyranny of Linguistics
Term
Milan (Epistemology and Epistemological Error)
Definition
an erroneous set of beliefs or distinctions that an individual or family uses to make sense of the world (create and maintain stress and are believed to be the root of family symptomology)
Term
Milan (Games)
Definition
unacknowledged strategies and destructive patterns of family interaction in which members attempt to control each other's behavior
Term
Milan (Meaning vs. Action)
Definition
distinguishes between meaning and action to help correct epistemological errors
Term
Milan (Tyranny of linguistics)
Definition
the therapist uses language to create new interpretations of the situation
Term
Milan (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
provide new meanings/distinctions that will alter unproductive rules for family behavior and the family game; focus on process and relational interaction within the family game; family to learn to accommodate/adjust to new info. and beliefs in a way that no family members develop symptoms;
Term
Milan (Structure)
Definition
therapy is highly structured; Long-term brief therapy; about 10 sessions held approximately once a month; 1st: observe interactional patterns and family game; 2: focus is on the children; 3: therapists prescribe invariant prescription; 4: parents return to therapy and promoted to the IP and children's co-therapist; 5: addresses the parents' victory or defeat in altering the system and IP symptoms; prescribe "more of the same" & "longer absence from home"; 6+: monitor invariant prescription and IP's progress- highlight parental role
Term
Milan (Assessment)
Definition
Therapeutic Interview: Pre Session- team has a pre-session meeting to discuss initial phone call; Session: 1 therapist is "conductor", team observe communication and behavioral transactions; Interession: break to meet with team and modify hypotheses and propose intervention; Intervention: present brief comments and prescribe intervention (typically paradoxical); Discussion: team discuss family's reaction to prescription
Term
Milan (Techniques)
Definition
Team Approach; Hypothesizing; Circular Questioning (focus on behaviors); Neutrality (aka curiosity); Positive Connotation; Couterparadox; Rituals; Invariant Prescription
Term
Milan (Team Approach)
Definition
uses a team of therapists who plan a strategy together) "a collective mind"
Term
Milan (Hypothesizing)
Definition
continually develops hypotheses about family interaction patterns and games and modifies them as the family presents additional information
Term
Milan (Circular Questioning)
Definition
focus on family interaction and behavioral exchanges; serve to undermine a family's belief system; highlight systemic interaction patterns in the family; should focus on specific behaviors rather than feelings or interpretations
Term
Milan (Neutrality)
Definition
refers to the therapist remaining allied with all family members and avoiding involvement in family coalitions; "avoid blaming anyone for anything";
Term
Milan (Positive Connotation)
Definition
the symptomatic behavior is reframed with a positive connotation
Term
Milan (Counterparadox)
Definition
request that the family not change although they came to therapy in order to change
Term
Milan (Rituals)
Definition
highly structured events and/or interactions that are presented by the team in detail as an intervention that helps provide clarity and consistency in family relationships
Term
Milan (Invariant Prescription)
Definition
requires that the parents form a tight alliance and reestablish their relationship as a couple by having them engage in activities that are kept secret from the children
Term
MRI (Key Theorists)
Definition
Watzlawick; Don Jackson; Beavin
Term
MRI (Historical Overview)
Definition
Lots of folks started here: Riskin, Bodin, Haley, Satir, etc.; incorporated beliefs from Bateson and Erickson
Term
MRI (Key Concepts)
Definition
Problem; Interactional View; Problem Is the Attempted Solution; More of the Same; First and Second Order Change; Communication; Report and Command Functions; Metacommunication; Double Bind; Symmetrical and Complementary Relationships
Term
MRI (Problem)
Definition
characterized by persistent failed attempts to change some distress; difficulties that cannot be resolved
Term
MRI (Interactional View)
Definition
problem persist only if maintained by the ongoing behaviors of the client and others with whom the client interacts; therapy focuses on current behavioral patterns and sequences
Term
MRI (Problem is the Attempted Solution)
Definition
problems arise because of mishandling of normal life difficulties; a 'solution' may itself be the problem
Term
MRI (More of the Same)
Definition
the attempt at changing by initiating more of the same solution has the potential to become the problem (i.e think pursuer-distancer)
Term
MRI (First and Second Order Change)
Definition
1st involves a change in the system's interactional patterns and system itself remains unchanges; 2nd requires change in the organization of the system and change in client's perspective and assumptions
Term
MRI (Communication)
Definition
all behavior is communication at some level
Term
MRI (Report & Command Functions)
Definition
every communication has two aspects: literal message and the action that cues the message recipient on how to interpret the message
Term
MRI (Metacommunication)
Definition
refers to command aspect of communication- communication about the communication (nonverbal cues)
Term
MRI (Double Bind)
Definition
a destructive form of paradoxical communication
Term
MRI (Symmetrical & Complementary Relationships)
Definition
participants mirror each other's behavior; one person assumes a position and the other assumes the opposite position;
Term
MRI (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
highlighting attempted solutions to the problem issue(s); FOCUS: is on interrupting attempted solutions that are maintaining the problem; Five Questions in Case Planning; Small, Concrete Steps;
Term
MRI (Structure of Therapy)
Definition
1. Identify and explore the problem; 2. Identify attempted solutions and the results of such solutions; 3. Formulate a concrete goal; 4. Intervene utilizing MRI techniques and the client's language
Term
MRI (Assessment)
Definition
4 Step Procedure: 1. Define the problme and identify how it is a problem; 2. determine which solutions have been tried and outcome of attempts; 3. clear description of the concrete change to be achieved; 4. Formulate and implement a plan to produce change
Term
MRI (Initial Interview Questions)
Definition
What is the problem that brings you here today? How is it a problem? What does it stop you from doing or make you do that you do not want to do?
Term
MRI (Reframing)
Definition
redefines the meaning of implications of the problem or attempted solution behavior (emphasize using the client's language)
Term
MRI (Prescribing the Symptom)
Definition
"do more of the same" therapist encourages the client to engage in symptomatic behavior- renders resistance unnecessary
Term
MRI (Relabeling)
Definition
language is used to redescribe the pattern and thereby change the interpretation of the symptom
Term
MRI (Dangers of Improvement)
Definition
"go slow" paradoxical instruction so that assignments are carried out carefully; therapist's pessimism can reduce the negative effects of setbacks
Term
MRI (making the covert overt)
Definition
therapist prescribes various behaviors in such a way that covert processes are highlighted
Term
MRI (Advertising Rather than Concealing the Problem)
Definition
have clients advertise a socially inhibiting or embarrassing handicap; has paradoxical effect of reducing anxiety
Term
MRI (Bellac Ploy)
Definition
complimenting another with the paradoxical result of making that person so; reality is what we have come to call 'reality'; (complimenting a stranger about his/her kindness- more likely to act kind)
Term
MRI (Techniques)
Definition
Initial Interview Questions; Reframing; Prescribing the Symptom: Do more of the same; Relabeling; Dangers of Improvement: Go Slow; Making the Covert Overt; Advertising Rather than Concealing the Problem; Bellac Ploy
Term
Communications (Key Theorists)
Definition
Virginia Satir
Term
Communications (Historical Overview)
Definition
Satir argued that the power of warmth and love was essentail in therapy;; worked initially with the MRI group;
Term
Communications (Key Concepts)
Definition
Four Primary Assumptions: Primary survival triad; Body, Mind, Feelings; All forms of behavior are communication; everyone has intrinsic and qual self-worth; survival stances (protect self-worth)
Term
Communications (Four Primary Assumptions)
Definition
1. People naturally tend toward positive growth; 2. All people possess the resources for positive growth; 3. Every person and every thing or situation impact and are impacted by everone and everything else; 4. Therapy is a process which involves interaction between therapist and client and in this relationships, each person is responsible for him/herself;
Term
Communications (Primary Survival Triad)
Definition
consists of the child and both parents; foundation for an internal sense of being within oneself and in relation to others
Term
Communications (Body, Mind, Feelings)
Definition
form the second triad; interact and influence communication processes verbally and nonverbally
Term
Communications (Communication)
Definition
all forms of behaviors, movement of the body, use of sense organs, and words, are considered communication
Term
Communications (Self-worth)
Definition
everyone has intrinsic and equal self-worth; it is learned and shaped by over and covert messages
Term
Communications (Survival Stances)
Definition
characteristics of family members to protect their self-worth against perceived and presumed threats: placater; blamer; superreasonable; irrelevant; congruence (level)
Term
Communications (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
grwoth will result in symptom reduction; become aware of conflicting messages to ensure a shift toward congruence; relate to individual uniqueness to increase self-esteem; open acknowledgement and recongnition of differentness for person's growth
Term
Communications (Structure of Therapy)
Definition
Stage 1: Status Quo; Stage 2: Introduction of a Foreign Element; Stage 3: Chaos; Stage 4: New Possibilities/New Options and Integration; Stage 5: Practice/Implementation; Stage 6: Goal Attainment/The New Status Quo
Term
Communications (Assessment)
Definition
Symptomatic Behavior; Communication and Survival Stances; Family of Origin;
Term
Communications (Techniques)
Definition
Role of Therapist (equal, safe); Modeling Communication; Family Life Fact Chronology; Family Sculpting; Metaphors; Self-mandala; Parts Party; Ingredients Intervention; Transforming Rules; Temperature Reading; Family Reconstruction;
Term
Communications (Role of Therapist)
Definition
therapist is an equal, unique individual whose role is to assist in the process of facilitating change
Term
Communications (Modeling Communication)
Definition
therapist must speak in first person; express throughts and feelings directly while avoiding statements about what others may think or feel; be honest with others
Term
Communications (Family Life Fact Chronology)
Definition
depicts important events in the life of the family; charting technique involves three complete generations of the family system
Term
Communications (Family Sculpting)
Definition
aka family choreography or spatial metaphor: silently place each person in a position that symbolizes his or her role in the family system from the sculptor's perspective; highlights family strengths, dysfunctions, possibilities for change, and new meanings
Term
Communications (Metaphors)
Definition
used to communicate ideas that language cannot directly describe or to introduce threatening material; storytelling;
Term
Communications (Self-Mandala)
Definition
a tool that is used to represent a person's resources and demonstrate that person's systemic, interconnected nature (innermost circle and eight concentric circles)
Term
Communications (Parts Party)
Definition
identifies, transforms, and integrates inner resources;
Term
Communications (Ingredients Intervention)
Definition
six questions increase awareness and address exploration of one's interaction with others
Term
Communications (Transforming Rules)
Definition
1. change the should to a can
2. expand from never to sometimes
3. identify possibilities of I can
Term
Communications (Temperature Reading)
Definition
client or family share specific information about: appreciations & excitements; worries, concerns, and puzzlements; complaints and possible solutions; new information; hopes and wishes
Term
Communications (Family Reconstruction)
Definition
family shares its life story and can take several hours to complete; followed by sculpting: family of origin, parent's family of origin, parents' meeting and marriage, re-sculpting family of origin
Term
Strategic (Key Theorists)
Definition
Jay Haley
Term
Strategic (Historical Overview)
Definition
worked with Bateson, Erickson, Minuchin and was involved in the MRI group; believed that treating an individual for symptoms is like assuming a stick has one end
Term
Strategic (Key Concepts)
Definition
Symptoms Serve a Purpose; Hierarchy; Family Development; Communication and Control; Love and Violence
Term
Strategic (Symptoms Serve a Purpose)
Definition
symptoms serve purpose of maintaining family homeostasis and that they reflect the interdynamics between two or more persons
Term
Strategic (Hierarchy)
Definition
natural organization and distribution of power within any organizational system
Term
Strategic (Family Development)
Definition
transitional points throughout the family life cycle; problems occur at the transition points
Term
Strategic (Communication and Control)
Definition
overt and covert patterns of communication are viewed as an attempt to control or influence others
Term
Strategic (Love & Violence)
Definition
all problems that are brought to therapy can be conceptualized as a struggle between love and violence: to dominate and control; to be loved; to love and protect others; to repent and forgive
Term
Strategic (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
interrupt the covert hierarchical structure and covoert alliances; prevent coalitions across generaltional lines; help move family life to next stage;
Term
Strategic (Structure of Therapy)
Definition
Initial Interview: Social Stage; Problem Stage; Interaction Stage: Goal-Setting Stage;
Term
Strategic (Assessment)
Definition
believe traditional diagnosis and formal assessment create unsolvable problems by applying static, unchanging labels to fluid patterns of interaction; Voluntary vs Involuntary; Helplessness vs Power; Metaphorical Meaning vs Literal Meaning; Hierarchy vs Equality; Personal Gain vs Altruism
Term
Strategic (Voluntary vs Involuntary)
Definition
all symptoms, except organic ones, are assumed to be voluntary and under control of the patient
Term
Strategic (Helplessness vs Power)
Definition
those in power are dependent on the powerless to maintain their status; therapists highlight and redistribute power and attendant responsibility
Term
Strategic (Metaphorical Meaning vs Literal Meaning
Definition
symptom may be viewed as a metaphor for problems at another level
Term
Strategic (Hierarchy vs Equality)
Definition
many problems develop from disorganized hierarchy, especially between parents and children
Term
Strategic (Personal Gain vs Altruism)
Definition
problem can be conceived by understanding the symptomatic person's motivation
Term
Strategic (Techniques)
Definition
Directives (genuine and paradoxical); Metaphoric Task; Paradoxical Injunction; Ordeal Therapy; Pretend Techniques; Restraining and Going Slow; Positioning
Term
Strategic (Directives)
Definition
assignments to be preformed inside and outside of therapeutic session and are a key intervention; emphasize communication in the present
Term
Strategic (Metaphoric Task)
Definition
a statement or activity that represents or resembles something else; is a directive; typically an easier activity for the family members to deal with
Term
Strategic (Paradoxical Injunction)
Definition
instructs clients to continue with symptomatic behavior in order to avoid a greater problem or for a reason consistent with the family's concerns; intention is to provoke a family to change by rebelling against the therapist
Term
Strategic (Ordeal Therapy)
Definition
assists in alleviating the symptom by making it more trouble to maintain the symptom than to give it up
Term
Strategic (Pretend Techniques)
Definition
asking symptom bearers to 'pretend' to have the symptom and have the other family members respond in session
Term
Strategic (Restraining & Going Slow)
Definition
discouraging the possibility of change- normalizes possible setbacks
Term
Strategic (Positioning)
Definition
exaggerating it to hopelessness; therapist taking the "one down" position
Term
Structural (Key Theorists)
Definition
Salvador Minuchin; Harry Aponte; Charles Fishman; Braulio Montalvo;
Term
Structural (Historical Overview)
Definition
Minuchin developed foundations; child psychiatrist; worked with Jay Haley; authored Families and Family Therapyfirst book on structural approach
Term
Structural (Key Concepts)
Definition
Structure; Subsystems; Boundaries; Focus of Treatment
Term
Structural (View of Families)
Definition
a system structured according to set patterns and rules that govern family interactions; composed of multiple subsystems
Term
Structural (Structure)
Definition
the establishment of rules for family interactions; is defined by the system and compiled into a set of covert rules that govern family interactions
Term
Structural (Subsystems)
Definition
formed in congruence with developmental stages and tasks: spousal subsystem, parental subsystem, sibling subsystem
Term
Structural (Boundaries)
Definition
invisible barriers that regulate the amount and type of contact one has with others (can be diffused, rigid, or clear)
Term
Structural (Focus of Treatment)
Definition
therapists develops focus of treatment; problem presented by the family is never ignored but therapist is aware of other relevant data affecting the situation
Term
Structural (Goals of Therapy)
Definition
alter the dysfunctional structure to benefit whole family with a healthy, well-defined, structured system including: generational hierarchy, a parental coalition, a spousal subsystem, clear boundaries between all individuals and subsystems
Term
Structural (Structure of Therapy)
Definition
1. joining and accommodating; 2. mapping family structure; 3. intervening
Term
Structural (Joining and Accommodating)
Definition
therapist enters family system as the "leader"; therapist's ability to adapt, accommodate, and join the system's rules, patterns, and worldview; involves mimesis which includes using, matching, and acknowledging the system's metaphors and themes
Term
Structural (Mapping Family Structure)
Definition
static entity that identifies each family member's position in the family while highlighting interaction patterns, conflicts, and coalitions
Term
Structural (Assessment)
Definition
entire family be addressed: boundaries; complementarity; hierarchy; conflict management
Term
Structural (Complementarity)
Definition
when exaggerated, reciprocal relationsihps between two family members can lead to problems (pursuer-distancer, active-passive, and dominant-submissive)
Term
Structural (Enactments)
Definition
therapist recognizes sequences by observing the spontaneous transactions; therapist directly asking the family to reenact a specific problem; 3. therapist directly intervenes and redirects the interactions
Term
Structural (Spontaneous Behavioral Sequences)
Definition
similar to enactments except the behaviors are spontaneous rather than directed by the therapist
Term
Structural (Challenging Family Assumptions)
Definition
intervene by challenging the family reality, constructs, and assumptions by reframing and highlighting possibilities
Term
Structural (Reframing)
Definition
enacting, focusing, and intensity are used in the process of reframing by allowing the family to experience the transactions, display new meaning, and challenge unproductive familial frames
Term
Structural (Affective Intensity)
Definition
therapists must alter their degree of intensity to the particular needs of the family system
Term
Structural (Shaping Competence)
Definition
highlighting the positive, strengths, and progress
Term
Structural (Boundary Making)
Definition
therapist may actively strengthen boundaries by asking people to speak for themselves, rearranging chairs to affect boundaries, blocking interruptions, etc.
Term
Structural (Unbalancing)
Definition
temporarily taking sides to change family interaction (aligning with an individual in a lower hierarchical position)
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