Secular Education

Compulsory elementary education

Public Education will be free

Prohibited religion from having any influence in public education

(private and religious schools still exist)

Land Reform

Nation is the original owner of all land, water, subsoil and air

State could expropriate with compensation

All acts passed since the Land Law of 1856 transferring ownership of the ejidos was null and void

(Plan de Ayala)

(Wanted to make this retroactive)

Labor Reform

8 hour workday

Prohibited child labor

Equal pay for equal work

Wages must be paid in legal tender not goods, tokens our vouchers (end to tienda de raya)

Right to bargain collectively, organize and strike

Restrictions on Church

Nation cannot create law establishing religion

Marriage was a civil contract

Only individuals born in Mexico can be "ministers"

Limited property ownership by church

Madero

Written while in jail, published once he was in Texas

Provisions: Declared 1910 elections null and void, Madero assumed title of Provisional President, called for free elections when conditions permitted

 (only removed Diaz and not his bureaucracy)

Zapata

All foreign lands would be seized

All lands previously taken from villages would be returned(ejidos)

1/3 of all land held by "friendly" hacendados taken for redistribution

All lands owned by enemies of Zapata movement would be taken

Carranza

Carranza assumed leadership of rebellion against Huerta

Declared Huerta's power to be illegitimate

Declared himself "First Chief of the Constitutionalist Army"

Followed by edicts stating (Obregon and Luis Cabrera pushed for these): 

restoration of ejidos and establishing national agrarian commission

called for improved conditions of poor 

Woodrow Wilson (U.S.)

Victoriano Huerta (Mx)

Aguascaliente Convention supporters

Zapata & Villa

Constitution of 1857

Obregon & Carranza 

(Villa seen as main threat as he was better trained & had a better army)

To show Carranza was weak and that Villa should be supported by the U.S.

Revenge

To get arms (U.S. arms embargo-armery in Colombus)

Brutal Dictatorship

Mass of population in poverty

Stagnation of food agriculture

Strengthening of inefficient latifundio system

Survival of feudal/semi-feudal practices

FEW AD (acronym)

• Economic recession / U.S. depression 1906-1907
• Food crisis 1907-1910 (crop failures)
• Worker's strikes
  • 1906 Consolidated Copper Mine
  • 1907 Textile workers
• Agitation of middle class reformers
• Dissatisfaction of some large landholders / capitalists (Madero)

1912-1913

• Plan of San Luis Potosi
• La Decena Tragica
• law follower
• upset reformers, because he didn't make any real reforms
• killed in a staged escape attempy by Huerta

1913-1914

• wanted Diaz style government
• not recognized by US
• could never gain full control
• Tampico Incident
• Forced into exile by Zapatistas, Villa, Carranza, and US

1914-1920

• recognized by US
• Mexico needed "energetic middle class"
• Zimmerman Telegram
• Plan de Guadalupe
• Aguascalientes Convention
• Constitutional Convention
• escapes to mountains after rule, but is trapped and murdered there

• From the south
  
• Agrarian Revolutionary
• Slogan of "Tierra y Libertad"
• Leader of landless peasants
• Called for return of land that had been taken during land concentration of Diaz
• Quickly became disillusioned with Madero and creates the Plan de Ayala

• Also agrarian revolutionary
  
• All land confiscated would be used for revolution by government and distributed after revolution ends
• Supporters were small ranchers, cowboys and other unemployed
• Created well equiped and well paid professional army
• Most formidable of Carranza's military opponents
• Villa's troops take control of convention hallat Aguascalientes Convention
  
• Villa's suicide statement
• Obregon defeats Villa with Villa returning to the north
  

1868 -1970s

There really was no revoution, – it was just a political ‘shuffle’ of elites or just a ‘great rebellion’

1980s-now

Synthesis of Revisionist and Orthodox

Revolution was first and foremost a social movement

Regionalisation is key; generalisation must be carefully constructed

Continued debate over Top-down v. Bottom-up

Radical

groups led to revolt due primarily to agrarian grievances.  Thus, main goal was agrarian reform (e.g. Zapata)

Radical

groups led to revolt due to threats to way of life, varied based on region.  Main goals included autonomy, political control, cultural independence (e.g. Pancho Villa)

Pasqual Orozco

 north

○   The mule driver-merchant Pascual Orozco led a powerful military contingent in the North, in league with the rebel governor Abraham Gonzalez 

○ Orozco was not particularly commited to Madero, but he used the plan to launch his movement

○ By 1911 he had taken Mexicali and Chihuaua City

○ Early success attracted other local military bandits, notably that of former bandit Pancho Villa

La Decena Tragica

the ten day period of turmoil in the capital where Felix Diaz and Bernardo Reyes begin fighting in Mexico City; led to Madero's fall and assassination and the rise of Huerta.

Tampico incident

The USS Dolphin affair. A small US landing party from the USS Dolphin, stationed off the coast near Tampico and under the command of Captain Ralph T. Earle, were arrested after wandering into a restricted area. The sailors were soon released and an apology given. US Rear Admiral Henry T. Mayo thought the apology insufficient and demanded the Mexican army to hoist the US flag and present a twenty-one gun salute to the American Navy. Led to the Veracruz occupation in which the US enters Veracruz and marines take over; there were 400 Mexican casualties versus 4 US deaths and 20 wounded; Huerta had to draw troops away from fighting revolutionaries to deal with US troops, which helped lead to his downfall