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| Studying group trends as opposed to individual trends |
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| Characteristic that units of analysis possess |
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| A study where you are looking at the characteristics that pertain to the group at large |
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Research THEN Theory
Exploratory |
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Theory THEN Research
Explanatory |
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A way to look at a study from many perspectives to better test and understand the concepts.
Can be done at level of:
Theory
Researcher
Method (most often used) |
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Different ways people can possess a certain variable
Example: Gender = variable
Male or Female = attributes |
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| Person, group, interaction, artifact being studied |
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| Nominal, Ordinal, Interval Ratio |
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Studying large communities or large interactions
Example: Economic classes in society
International relations |
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| Social life at the level of individuals and small groups |
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| The idea that society can be studied scientifically |
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| The idea that society is getting better and evolving over time. |
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Social behavior can be viewed as a process of conflict
Attempt to dominate others and avoid being dominated |
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| Individuals reaching common understandings through the use of language and symbols |
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| Social life is a group of assumptions about how situations should take place based on previous experiences. This is studied by people breaking social norms to prove those norms and expectations exist. |
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| Society can be viewed as an organism with all parts performing different tasks but contributing to the overall product. |
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| Identifying gender differences and how these relate to the rest of social organization. |
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Race awareness and a commitment to racial justice
ALSO KNOW: interest convergence |
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| The theory that the majority of a group will only support the interests of the minorities if those actions also support the majority. |
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| Systematic explanation for observations that relate to a particular aspect of life. |
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Abstract elements representing classes of phenomena within the field of study.
Example: Concepts relevant to juvenile delinquency are "juvenile" and "delinquency" as well as "peer group". Relevant concepts may be "social class" or "ethnicity". |
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| Fundamental assertions on which theory is grounded |
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The definition of something in terms of how that thing is done.
Example: The operational definition for "earning an A" might be "correctly answering 90% the questions right on the test" |
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| Three Purposes of Research |
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| Explore, Describe, Explain |
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| A coincidental statistical correlation between two variables, shown to be caused by some third variable. |
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| A relationship between two variables where change in one results in change in the other or attributes of one are associated with attributes of the other. |
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| Criteria for Causality (nomothetic) |
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Correlation
Time Order (cause precedes affect)
Nonspurious |
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A strict limitation of the kinds of concepts to be considered relevant.
Not taking everything into consideration. |
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| 3 Types of Longitudinal Studies |
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Definition
Trend Study:
A given characteristic of a population is monitored over
time.
Example: Do voting preferences change over a
persons lifetime?
Cohort Study:
When a sub-population is studied over time.
Example: Sending questionnaires every 5 years to
people in specific age groups.
Panel Study:
Data is collected from the same set of people at several
points in time |
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An observation that reflects a variable
Example: Attending church is an indicator of religiosity |
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A specific aspect of a concept (a large variable)
Example: Concept is compassion
Dimensions are feeling dimension and action dimension
Indicator of action is "Do you donate money to poor?
Attributes "Yes, No, Sometimes" |
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A measure with no ranking , just a selection
Example: Gender M/F |
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Level of measurement describing a variable with attributes we can RANK along some dimension.
EXAMPLE: Socioeconomic status composed of high, medium, low |
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Logical distance between attributes can be expressed in meaningful standard intervals.
EXAMPLE: IQ Measure 95-100-105-110-115 |
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An interval measurement that has its base at zero.
0-20-40-60-80-100 |
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Consistency
Does a technique applied repeatedly to the same object yield the same results? |
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Accuracy
How well do the indicators accurately portray what the person taking the survey really thinks? Is there bias? |
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Judgmental Validity
Face Validity
Content Validity |
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A subjective judgment that you feel something is valid or accurate.
It looks valid
It contains accurate components of what is measurable |
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Comparing and predicting based on previous research and relationships.
Construct Validity: Mix of judge and empirical
Does construct make sense? |
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