Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Methods Exam 2
Methods
21
Medical
Graduate
10/14/2009

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

Instrumental Measures of Physical Variables

Definition

 

 

* Air Flow

* Fundamental Frequency

* Electromyography

* Evoked Potentials

Term

 

 

Observer Measurements of Behavioral Variables

Definition

 

 

* Clinician Perception (Used when making judgements)

* Transcription and analysis of language samples

* Formal Speech and language tests

Term

 

 

Measurement

Definition

"Assignment of numbers or labels to objects or events to define their properties according to a set of rules. "

 

"Process of abstraction about an object or event because we measure its various attributes or features."

 

... when doing this- must have an ambiguous set of rules

Term

 

Levels of Measurement

Definition

* Nominal Scales (name): EX: verbal/nonverbal, delayed, normal

* Ordinal Scale (< or >): EX: mild, moderate, severe

* Interval (equivalent units): EX: could give a test and get a standard score

* Ratio Scales (absolute zero): EX: MLU

Term

 

Quality of Measurement

 

Key Factors that need to be Controlled

 

Definition

* Test Enviornment

* Instrument Calibration

* Instructions to participants

* Observer bias (non interactional effect and interactional effect)

Term

 

Reliability

Definition

Synonyms: Dependability, Consistency, Predictability, Stability, Reproducibility.

 

Definition: "general trustworthiness of obtained data."

Term

 

Interactional effect

Definition
* Defintion: when observers interaction with participant changes the participants behavior during experiment.
Term

 

Controlling Observer Bias

Definition

 

* Use multiple observers

* Minimize participant/observer contact

* Blinding procedures: Process of collecting data and performing other tasks without knowledge of research hypothesis.

* Double blinding: neither subjects or research team know who's assigned to control treatment.

Term

 

Reliability

Definition

*Definiton: Degree to which we can depend on a measurement

- If we measure the same set of objects or subjects repeatedly with the same or comparable test instrument, will we get the same or similar results?

Term

 

Measurement Precision

Definition

 

*Definition: "A precise measure can be expected to remain reasonably stable if the measurement procedure is repeated with the same participant)

Term

 

Reliability of measurement

Definition

*Definition: ratio of true score variance to observed score variance. X=T+E

 

X=observed score

T= true score

E= random error

Term

 

Any measurement has two components:

Definition

1. True score

2. Measurement error

 

* Reliability tells us about measurement error

Term

 

More measurement error = greater variability in scores

 

Error measurement should be low with a reliable test

Definition
Term

 

Types of Error influencing measurement reliability

Definition

1. Systematic

2. Unsystematic

Term

 

Systematic Error

Definition

*Definition: Error that occurs with every repeated measurement

 

Term

 

Unsystematic Error

Definition
*Definition: inconsistent, unpredictable ways in repeated measures.
Term

 

Ways Error is Introduced

Definition

1. Characteristics of examinee

2. Behavior of examiner-scorer

3. Aspects of test content

4. Time factors

5. Situation factors

Term

 

Sources of Error

Definition

1. poorly standardized instructions

2. scoring errors

3. subjectivity of measurement (rating scales are highly subjective)

4. Limited sampling of behavior

5. Fluctuation in participant's attention

6. guessing

7. instability

8. test environment

Term

 

Stability

Definition

Test-Retest reliability

 

Assessed by measuring same individuals at two points in time

Term

 

Equivalence Measures

Definition

Alternate form method (aka parallel form method)

*avoids potential carry-over effects

*principle limitation

Term

 

Internal Consistency

Definition

 

 

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