Term
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Definition
Produces hunger and is secreted by parietal cells of an empty stomach.
also stimulates hypothamlamus release of human growth hormone releasing hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
Produces satiety.
Secreted from enteroendocrine cells of duodenum and jejunum.
Has appetite-suppressing effect on brain. |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by adipocytes in proportion to body fat stores.
-decreases appetite
-obesity may be linked to unresponsiveness to this. |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by pancreatic beta cells.
-effects similar to leptin but weaker.
Decreases blood glucose
Beta cells secrete insulin.
Stimulates:
1.glycogenesis
2.lipogenesis
3.Stimulates active transport of amino acids into cells & promotes protein synthesis.
INHIBITS gluconeogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted by cells in the ileum and colon.
Decreases appetite. |
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Term
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Definition
| amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1g of h20 to 1 degree c |
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Term
| Macronutrients vs. micronutrients |
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Definition
Macro-consumed in large amounts e.g. carbs, protein, fats, and water.
Micro-needed in small amounts. (minerals and vitamins) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cannot be synthesized. Minerals, vitamins, 8 amino acids, and 1-3 fatty acids, sodium. |
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Term
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Definition
Found in skeletal muscles & liver as glycogen.
Most carbs are for instant energy.
In blood=glucose.
Plants-starch.
RBC and neurons cannot make ATP. |
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Term
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Definition
Increases blood glucose.
Secreted by the pancreas and by alpha cells.
glucagon stimulates you to start breaking down glycogen to release it as glucose into the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
glucose, galactose and frutose.
One single molecule-simple sugar. |
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Term
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Definition
Liver converts galactose and frutose to glucose outside hepatic portal system, there is only glucose!
-you absorb glacose and frutcose and they are changed in the liver to glucose.
Normal blood sugar is 70-110 mg/dL
(hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic) |
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Term
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Definition
| Starch, glycogen, and cellulose (you cannot digest cellulose). |
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Term
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Definition
excess fiber=interferes w/ mineral absorption and iron.
Water soluble fiber-pectin |
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Term
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Definition
1.They help with synthesizes.
2.Vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, and folic acid-Produced by intestinal bacteria.
3.Water -soluble vitamins (C,B)
-absorbed with water in small intestine
-not stored.
4.Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
-absorbed with dietary lipids
-stored
Vitamin A deficiency worldwide is most common worldwide.
Hypervitaminosis can be serious.
-don't eat polar bear liver! |
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Term
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Definition
Dietary carbs burned as fuel within hours of absorption. (glucose catabolism)
Transfers energy from sugar to atp. |
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Term
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Definition
1.Yeilds 2 atp
-glucose is split into 2 pyruvic acid molecules e.g. 6C is split into 2-3C's |
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Term
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Definition
the process of cellular respiration that uses oxygen in order to break down molecules, which then release electrons and creating energy and creates ATP. This is responsible for storing and carrying most of the energy to other body cells and making life possible.
1.yields 36 Atp
2.Completely oxidizes pyruvic acid to C02 and H2O
3.the brain uses aerobic respiration almost exclusively. |
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Term
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Definition
is the set of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units and release energy.
e.g breaking down polysacchrides to monosacchrides. |
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Term
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Definition
Pyruvic acid reduced to lactic acid.
latic acid produces fatigue.
skeletal muscles can tolerate it but heart muscle doesn't |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking down glucose into pyruvic acid and resulting in 2 molecules of atp, but then pyruvic acid then breaks down into lactic acid creating aches. |
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Term
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Definition
Atp is quickly used after it is formed. It is not a storage molecule.
Glycogen is the form of glucose storage by animals. (plants store it as starch) |
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Term
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Definition
making glycogen from glucose.
*opposite from glycogenolysis.
Stimulated by insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
-stimulated by glucagon and epi
-only liver cells release glucose back into blood.
*opposite of glycogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| sythesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates such as fats and amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
Body's stored energy
Function:
1.phospholipids and cholesterol are components of plasma membranes and myelin.
Chemical precursors:
Cholesterol-a precursor of steroid hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D.
2. Fatty acids-precursors of prostaglandins and other eicosandoids (prostaglandins-messengers etc.) |
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Term
| saturated and unsaturated fats |
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Definition
sat-meat, eggs, etc.
unsat-nuts, seeds, and veg oils.
cholesterol-generally found only in animal products. 80% made by the liver. |
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Term
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Definition
lipids transported in blood as lipoproteins.(carry all the fats inside surrounded by protein outerlayer)Because water and fat don't mix.
they are in globulins-beta and alpha
-they surround phoshpholipid bilayer.
-soluble in plasma-
4 groups;
1.chylomicrons-packaged
2.Very low density
3.low density
4.high density |
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Term
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Definition
form in absorptive cells of small intestine.
-enter lymphatic system then blood.
-when we break down tri we break it down into monoglyceroid and 2 ffa.
-capillary endothelium has a lipoprotein lipase to hydrolyze (water molecule + a molecule) monoglycerides.
-resulting ffa and glycerol enter fat cells to be resynthesized into triglycerides for storage (the ones you need). |
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Term
| Absorptive state=fed state |
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Definition
Last about 4 hours after eating (time of nutrient absorption and use for energy needs.)
Carbs-blood glucose used for atp synthesis and excess=fat.
fat-taken up by chylomicrons in blood-primary energy substrate for liver, fat, and muscle cells.
amino acids-must pass through liver then go to cells.
In the liver they may be used for protein, atp, or fatty acid synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis fat from other substances like amino acids and sugars to make fatty acids and glycerol. |
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Term
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Definition
breaking down fat for fuel.
-glycerol is converted to PGAL and enters glycolysis.
-fatty acids are broken down 2 carbons at a time to produce acetyl-CoA via beta oxidation. |
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Term
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Definition
fatty acids turned into acetyl groups by beta oxidation.
Using your bodies fat as energy.
May enter citric acid cycle.
-metabolized by liver to produce ketone bodies
1.acetoacetic acid
2.b-hydroxybutyric acid
3.acetone
(molecules that are generated during fat metabolium)
Acetone is the bad one that cannot be used as energy and is secreted as a waste product.
Ketoacidosis-rapid or incomplete oxidization of fats ^ blood ketone levels and may lead to a pH imbalance |
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Term
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Definition
1.amino acids-may be used to synthesize new proteins.
2.Protein as fuel-must be deaminated (removal of NH2) what remains is converted to pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoAQ, or part of the citric acid cycle.
-during shortage of amino, the reverse occurs for protein synthesis.
-the NH2 becomes ammonia NH3 which is toxic and which the liver converts to urea. |
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Term
| Urea synthesis aka ornithine cycle or urea cycle. |
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Definition
| liver converts ammonia NH3 to urea which is removed from the blood by kidneys. |
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Term
| Regulation of Absorptive state |
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Definition
regulated by insulin secreted in respone to elevated blood glucose and amino acid levels and gastrin, secretin, cck.
Insulin inceases the cellular uptake of glucose by 20x.
-stimulates glycogenesis, lipogenesis, but inhibits gluconeogenesis.
-stimulates active transport of amino acid into cells and promotes protein synthesis.
-high protein low carb meals stimulate both insulin and glucagon preventing hypoglycemia. |
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Term
| Postabsorpitve state=unfed state |
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Definition
homeostasis of blood glucose critical to brain.
-stored fuels are used when tummy and small intestines are empty.
-carbs-glucose is drawn from glycogen reserves for up to 4h and synthesized other compounds.
fats-adipocytes and liver cells convert glycerol to glucose.
-ffa are oxidized by liver to ketone bodies.
-glucose sparing-other cells use ffas for energy and leaving glucose for brain use.
Protein-used as last resort when there is not fat or sugar left. |
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Term
| regulation of postabsorptive state |
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Definition
by sympathetic ns and glucagon
blood glucose drops and glucagon secreted.
-stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to raise glucose levels.
-stimulates lipolysis to raise free fatty acid levels. |
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Term
| Regulation of postabsorptive state 2 |
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Definition
sympathoadrenal effets
1.promotes glycogenolysis and lipolysis under conditions of fligh and fight.
2.adipose, liver cells & muscle cells are richly innervated & also respond to epi from adrenal medulla
3.cortisol from adrenal cortex promotes ^ blood sugar.
-fat & protein catabolism & gluconeogenesis
4.growth hormone-opposes rapid decrease in blood glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
BMR-basal metabolic rate 2000 cal burned a day
if you ingest more you gain weight.
BMI-measurement of body fat. |
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Term
| hypothermia, hyperthermia, and thermoregulation |
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Definition
hypo=low body temp that can slow metabolic activity and cause death.
hyper=high body temp and can disrupt enzymatic activity and metabolic activity and cause death.
Thermoregulation=ablility to balance heat production and heat loss. |
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Term
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Definition
low in am and high in afternoon
Core temp-temp of organs in cranial, thoracic, & abd cavities.
-rectal temp varies 99-99.7
Shell temp-temp closer to the surface-oral cavity and skin97.9-98.6 |
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Term
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Definition
comes from energy-releasing chemical reactions such as nutrient oxidation and ATP use.
from brain, heart, liver, endocrine and muscles.
-exercise ^ heat production |
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Term
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Definition
HYPOTHALAMIC THERMOSTAT-
monitors temp of blood and skin
-signals heat losing center to stimulate sweating and cutaneous vasodilation.
signals heat promoting center to stimulate:
Vasoconstriction
errector muscle
shivering
increase thyroid hormone and ^ bmr
nonshivering thermogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| normal protection mechanism that elevates BMR which produces more heat elevating the BMR |
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Term
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Definition
exposure to excessive heat.
-heat cramps =muscle spasms due to electrolyte imbalance from excessive sweating.
heat exhaustion-sever electro imbalance producing faint, dizziness, hypotension
heat stroke-body 104 core temp-may cause delirium, convulsions, coma and death. |
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Term
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Definition
exposure to excess cold.
As core body temp decreases bmr decreases causing further tem decrease.
fatal if btemp under 75 f |
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