Term
| Which party was for the N/S? |
|
Definition
| TRICK QUESTION - both parties had support in the n/s |
|
|
Term
| what was a nickname for passionate pro-slavers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the election of 1848, who did democrats get to replace James K. Polk? |
|
Definition
General Lewis Cass
-War of 1812 veteran |
|
|
Term
| v/f: the democrats' strategy in 1848 was to ignore slavery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Cass's stance on slavery? |
|
Definition
| advocated popular sovereignty...let the people decide the issue of slavery. Seemed to please both sides. |
|
|
Term
| Who was the Whig candidate in 1848? |
|
Definition
| Zachary Taylor (slave owner and the hero of buena vista) |
|
|
Term
| what are two reasons why the whigs' choice for president was a bit odd |
|
Definition
-taylor had never held office/voted
-clay would've been better had he not made so many enemies (been so...POLITICAL.) |
|
|
Term
| Why did a third party form in 1848? What was it called? |
|
Definition
-ardent abolitonists need love, too
-Free Soil party |
|
|
Term
| How did the Free Soil party broaden their appeal? |
|
Definition
-advocated federal aid for internal improvements
-urged free gov't homesteads for settlers |
|
|
Term
| Why were people unhappy w/ Polk? |
|
Definition
| -settled for part of Oregon, insisted on all of Texas |
|
|
Term
| name groups of people attracted to the Free Soil party (4) |
|
Definition
-mad @ Polk people
-didn't like being equal to blacks (not so much abt slavery)
-conscience whigs
-people who thought slavery destroyed chances of free white workers to... work |
|
|
Term
| what was Taylor's motto during the war? |
|
Definition
| "General Taylor never surrenders" |
|
|
Term
| Which party did the Free Soilers pull support from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When/where did the Gold Rush start? |
|
Definition
| 1848 in Sutter's Mill, CA |
|
|
Term
| What was the effect of so many people coming to the one-horse gov't of CA? |
|
Definition
-mass robbery
-constitution for protection
-no slavery-->break balance in senate |
|
|
Term
| how many people did Harriet Tubman free from slavery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when was Congress's first fugitive slave act passed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many slaves were escaped out of how many total? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In October of 1849, fire eaters announced their plans to... |
|
Definition
| convene the following yr in Nashville, TN, to consider w/drawing from the Union |
|
|
Term
| Who made up the "immortal trio"? (/"Old Guard") |
|
Definition
-Henry Clay
-John C. Calhoun
-Daniel Webster |
|
|
Term
| WHAT WERE THE CONDITIONS OF THE COMPROMISE OF 1850?????????? (SO UBER-IMPORTANT!!!) |
|
Definition
Concessions to the North:
-CA = free state (no slaves)
-Territory disputed by TX, NM to be surrendered to NM
-Abolition of the slave trade(but not slavery) in the District of Columbia
Concessions to the South:
-The remainder of the Mexican Cession area to be formed into the territories of NM and Utah, w/o restriction on slavery, hence open to popular sovereignty
-TX to receive $10 mil from the federal gov. as compensation (ceded land for NM)
-a more stringent fugitive-slave law, going beyond that of 1793 |
|
|
Term
| Who was nicknamed "Little Giant"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was Calhoun's role in the Comp. of 1850? |
|
Definition
| leave slavery alone! yay south! have a n/s president! |
|
|
Term
| What was Webster's role in the Comp. of 1850? (4) |
|
Definition
-give all reasonable concessions to the south!
-also a better fugitive slave act!
-don't legislate slavery in Mex. Cess. territories...God passed the Wilmot Proviso
-7th of march (elaborate on a different card) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| speech by Webster which helped turn the tide in the North toward compromise...Webster printed more than 100,000 copies |
|
|
Term
| v/f: Northern bankers especially advocated secession |
|
Definition
| Falsum. They stood to lose a ton of $. |
|
|
Term
| What party was fervently against Daniel Webster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| v/f: Webster had no personal reproaches towards slavery, but thought keeping slavery was good policy |
|
Definition
| falsum. didn't like slavery but disliked disunion even more. |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT MAN:
William H. Seward |
|
Definition
-NY senator @ Comp. of 1850
-abolitionist
-Follow God, not the Constitution, Christian senators!!
-"Higher Law" Seward |
|
|
Term
| What caused caused Texas dissenters to seize Santa Fe? What happened next? |
|
Definition
| Zachary Taylor falling under Seward's influence...Taylor tried to "Jacksonize" them, threatening to take them out w/ an army |
|
|
Term
| At the height of controversy in 1850, ___ passed away and ___ took over |
|
Definition
| President Zachary Taylor replaced by new guy...President Millard Fillmore |
|
|
Term
| who signed the Comp. of 1850? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How was the Comp. of 1850 accepted in the country? |
|
Definition
Senators Clay, Webster and Douglas orated on behalf of the compromise
---also upsurge of prosperity from CA gold |
|
|
Term
| How did the fire-eaters take the Comp. of 1850? |
|
Definition
-tried to boycott Northern goods
-ultimately lost to southern Unionists |
|
|
Term
| Define: second Era of Good Feelings |
|
Definition
| -calm after such uproar over compromise, + renewed prosperity |
|
|
Term
| Who got the better deal in the Compromise of 1850? Why? |
|
Definition
-North - CA tipped balance in senate permanently
-also had NM and UT tip the balance - popular sovereignty tipped to "Higher Law" |
|
|
Term
| What did the newly imbalanced Senate cause the South to do? |
|
Definition
| look for land in the Caribbean |
|
|
Term
| Why wasn't TX happy w/ its buyout? |
|
Definition
| $10 mil did not very well cover the losses from lost area |
|
|
Term
| Define: Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (not other names for it!) |
|
Definition
-fleeing slaves couldn't testify on their own behalf
-fleeing slaves were denied an injury trial
-federal commissioner received double $ for not freeing slaves
-people on the U. Railroad could be forced to join slave catchers |
|
|
Term
| discuss what happened in Boston in 1854 |
|
Definition
| a runaway slave was captured, and people protested by hanging upside-down flags while federal guards marched through the streets |
|
|
Term
| WHAT STATE made it a penal offense for any state official to enforce the 1850 Fugitive Slave Law? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| denied local jails to federal officials and otherwise hampered enforcement |
|
|
Term
| What did the delay in conflict between the North and South create? |
|
Definition
| more states to support w/ crops, factories, foundries, ships, railroads, and bayonets |
|
|
Term
Who was the Democrat candidate in 1852?
What was his nickname? |
|
Definition
Franklin Pierce (NH favorite son)
"The Young Hickory of the Granite Hills" |
|
|
Term
| which one of the presidents in the election of 1852 was a doughface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Who was the Whig candidate in 1852?
What was his nickname? |
|
Definition
W. Scott
"Old Fuss and Feathers" |
|
|
Term
| What was the Democratic platform in 1852? |
|
Definition
-territorial expansion pursued by Polk
-COMPROMISE OF 1850!!! |
|
|
Term
| What was the Whig platform in 1852? |
|
Definition
| -less enthusiastic 1850 compromise |
|
|
Term
| What was electable and NOT electable about Winfield Scott? |
|
Definition
-Mexican War hero
-haughty |
|
|
Term
| What were the attacks mostly about in the election of 1852? |
|
Definition
| personalities of the other candidates (Pierce was the hero of many a well-fought BOTTLE.") |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GA Whigs who voted for Webster
-more than 5,000 |
|
|
Term
| Why did the Whigs lose? (2) |
|
Definition
-Southern Whigs did not turn out
-Free Soil Party candidate John P. Hale, senator from NH, siphoned off northern Whig votes that might have gone to Scott
-------------ALSO Scott's haughtiness and the finality men |
|
|
Term
The death of the Whigs portended...
Their great contribution was.... |
|
Definition
national sectional parties
uphold ideal Union strength w/ eloquent leaders like Clay and Webster |
|
|
Term
| Who owned the "Mosquito Coast" of Nicaragua? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "The intoxicating victory in the Mexican War, coupled with the discovery of gold in California just nine days before the war's end, DID WHAT?" |
|
Definition
| "...reinvigorated the spirit of Manifest Destiny." |
|
|
Term
| "The rush to the Sierra Nevada goldfields DID WHAT?" |
|
Definition
| "...aroused particular concerns about the fate of Central America." |
|
|
Term
| "Increasing British encroachment into the area...drove governments of ____ to conclude an important treaty in 1848." WHAT did it guarantee? |
|
Definition
Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty
New Grenada (Colombia) and the US
American right of transit across the isthmus in return for neutrality of the route |
|
|
Term
| Define: treaty which stated that America nor Britain would fortify or seek control over any future isthmian waterway |
|
Definition
Clayton-Bulwer
(rescinded by Hay-Pauncefote Treaty) |
|
|
Term
Why was Britain's acquisition of China important to the US?
What did we do about it? |
|
Definition
-CA had given us Pacific power
-Boston merchants got President Tyler to commission lawyer Caleb Cushing to get four warships over to Macao |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT MAN:
man who tried to grab control of Nicaragua
How did he die? |
|
Definition
| William Walker...claimed self president of country, legalized slavery, and was overthrown by a Honduran firing squad |
|
|
Term
| President Polk offered Spain $___ for Cuba...DID THE SPANISH ACCEPT IT? |
|
Definition
$120 mil I think
THE OFFER WAS DENIED |
|
|
Term
| Why did "slaveocrats" want Cuba so badly? |
|
Definition
-slaves already there
-sugar-rich |
|
|
Term
| How did the US try to get Cuba after their $ offer was refused? |
|
Definition
-1850-1: two "filibustering" expeditions descended upon Cuba
-resulted in leader, people from "best families" of south shot
-angry mob descended upon Spanish consulate in New Orleans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Spanish seized American steamer "Black Warrior" on technicality
-Crimean War held Spanish allies back
-US delegates made Ostend Manifesto that offered $120 mil for Cuba or war
-Free Soilers were PISSED at the blatant grab for slavery territory
-Pierce abandoned the Ostend Manifesto |
|
|
Term
| Define: first diplomatic agreement between the US and China |
|
Definition
TREATY OF WANGHIA
-1844
-Chinese were mad @ British
-became "most favored nation," gaining...
-"extraterritoriality," or the right to be tried for crimes in China before American officials
-made trade w/ China prosper |
|
|
Term
| What was Japan's deal w/ foreign policy until 1853? |
|
Definition
| VERY insular/secluded...wouldn't let shipwrecked sailors leave, Japanese shipwrecks on foreign shores come back |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT MAN:
Commodore Perry |
|
Definition
-Sent by Millard Fillmore to Japan w/ "black ships"
-hero of Lake Erie
-read up on Japan, ocean currents
-came w/ tall African American flag bearers
-Gave contract to establish friendly trade relations w/in a year
-came back w/ larger force (7 men-of-war sips) and fancy Western presents
-signed Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854
-coaling rights
-consular relations
(led to Meiji Restoration) |
|
|
Term
| Why was a transcontinental railroad proposed to CA/OR? Talk about its creation. |
|
Definition
-covered wagons, camels, and sea routes around isthmuses were very impractical
-Gave route to South to make them feel better
-Made Gadsden Purchase from Santa Anna to get best route |
|
|
Term
How much did the Gadsden Purchase cost?
What was the Northern reaction?
Why was the geography better?
What state did the North try to organize to get the railroad moved there? |
|
Definition
-$10 mil
-thought it was a waste of money on a desert
-No mtns, no unorganized territory in the south
-Nebraska |
|
|
Term
| Describe Douglas's role in the Pacific railroad |
|
Definition
-wanted to break n-s deadlock over westward expansion
-invested heavily in Chicago real-estate
-proposed Territory of Nebraska
-split into Nebraska (free) and Kansas (slave) (supposed to be settled by popular sovereignty)
-flatly contradicted the MO Compromise
-good-arguer Douglas pushed it through Congress anyway (didn't have much of an opinion on slavery)
-advocated by Pierce |
|
|
Term
| Who was included in the new Republican party? |
|
Definition
FROM THE MIDWEST...
-disgruntled Whigs
-Democrats
-Free-Soilers
-Known-Nothings
-Fores of the Kansas-Nebraska Act |
|
|
Term
| What was the Southern argument against Harriet Beecher Stowe? |
|
Definition
-only briefly saw slavery
-lived for a while in Ohio, a hotbed of the Underground Railroad |
|
|
Term
| Why didn't Britain intervene in the Civil War? |
|
Definition
| people had fallen in love with U. Tom's Cabin, didn't want to help South |
|
|
Term
| A book called ___ written by ___ tried using statistics to prove that nonslaveowning whites were hurt the worse by slavery |
|
Definition
| "The Impending Crisis of the South," by Hinton R. Helper...banned in the South |
|
|
Term
| THIS ORGANIZATION gave $ to 2,000 people to Kansas to forestall the South |
|
Definition
| New England Emigrant Aid Company |
|
|
Term
| DEFINE: Beecher's Bibles....named after... |
|
Definition
| rifles (sometimes Sharps rifles)....Henry Ward Beecher |
|
|
Term
| What did the South call abolitionists moving into their promised slave state? |
|
Definition
| "Nebrascals" (even though they went to Kansas) |
|
|
Term
| What the hell happened to the government of Kansas? |
|
Definition
-When KS tried to elect its leaders, "border ruffians" from MO came and rigged the elections to favor the South
-The new government was set up at Shawnee Mission.
-Abolitionists were pissed and set up a different gov. @ Topeka
-THEN a bunch of pro-slaveryites burned part of abolitionist Lawrence (KS) |
|
|
Term
-Describe John Brown's (1st) raid
-Where was it located? |
|
Definition
-In May 1856, went down to P. Creek and shot five supposed pro-slaveryites
-Pottawatomie creek" |
|
|
Term
| DEFINE: Lecompton Constitution |
|
Definition
-When KS had enough citizens (mostly free-soilers) for statehood on popular sovereignty
-Southerners proposed the Lecompton Constitution
-It provided that citizens could vote for/against slavery, but existing slavery would still be protected
-free-soilers protested, so slaveryites won |
|
|
Term
| Define: tricky KS constitution of 1857 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who supported the Lecompton Constitution? Who was against it? |
|
Definition
-Pierce
-Stephen A. Douglass...threw away S. support for presidency...argued for fair play...put Lecompton const. to popular vote, and THEN KS remained a territory until the Southern states seceded in 1861 |
|
|
Term
| V/F: The Lecompton Constitution split the last national party in existence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Talk about a certain incident w/ a cane... |
|
Definition
-Charles Sumner of MA gave a passionate abolitionist speech
-called "The Crime Against Kansas."
-Insulted S. Carolina, Senator Andrew Butler
-Thus insulted Congressman Preston S. Brooks of SC, Butler's cousin
-Butler realized Sumner wouldn't accept him to a duel, so he went in and beat Sumner with his cane until it broke
-Both were reelected amid resignation and surgery |
|
|
Term
| Who did Democrats choose as their nominee in Cincinnati for the election of 1856? Why? What was his nickname? |
|
Definition
| James Buchanan, because he had been serving as a minister to London during the Kansas-Nebraska uproar...."Old Buck" or "Old Fogy." |
|
|
Term
| Who were the two possible Republican candidates in 1856? Which won the nomination |
|
Definition
| -"Higher Law" Seward, and John C. Frémont (won) |
|
|
Term
| What was the dem./repub. platform? (1856) |
|
Definition
d-popular sovereignty!
r-NO SLAVERY! |
|
|
Term
-why did the Nativist Party exist?
-what was its nickname?
-who was its candidate in 1856?
-What religion did it hate?
-What was its slogan?
-Why did it threaten Republican strength? |
|
Definition
-influx of German/Irish immigrants + old-stock Protestants
-"Know-Nothing" party
-Millard Fillmore
-Catholicism
-"Americans Must Rule America."
-remnant Whigs voted for the party |
|
|
Term
| How was Buchanan criticized? |
|
Definition
-bachelor
-illegitimate birth
-allegedly a Roman Catholic |
|
|
Term
| Why did John C. Frémont lose? |
|
Definition
| -violent threats of fire eaters that election of him would = declaration of war, forcing to secede...northerners wanted to preserve the Union |
|
|
Term
While John C. Frémont lost the election of 1856 for the Republicans, it was good because ____
Also, the Republicans were 2 years old but stood up to the Democrats!!! |
|
Definition
| John C. Frémont would not have led a civil war as strongly as Lincoln |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT MAN: (not the effects...)
Dred Scott |
|
Definition
-slave who worked w/ master for 5 yrs in IL territory
-Abolitionist friends convinced him to sue new master for freedom since he'd cross slavery lines
-MO ct ruled in Scott's favor, but new master took it to Supreme Ct |
|
|
Term
| Talk abt Supreme Ct Scott v. Sanford |
|
Definition
-Taney = chief justice (MY)
-Ruling #1: Scott was not a citizen, and thus not protected by the Constitution, and THUS could not sue in fed. ct
-Ruling #2: Slaves are property, so they are protected under the 5th amendment (due process of law to take property) so the federal government couldn't make any laws regarding slavery
-Undid MO, 1820 Compromise(s)!!!!!!!!
-Southerners wanted to secede even more when Northerners didn't want to honor Supreme Ct |
|
|
Term
| While the panic of 18__ was not economically as bad as the panic of 18__, psychological effects from ___ worsened it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What caused the Panic of 1857? |
|
Definition
-CA gold rush caused inflation
-over speculation in railroads and wheat from the Crimean War
-lots of unemployment and hunger
-"Bread or Death"=slogan |
|
|
Term
| The Panic of 1857 caused the worst effects in what region of the country? |
|
Definition
North (grain growers)
South was untouched w/ cotton |
|
|
Term
Homesteads:
-what was the argument for them?
-when did the government finally begin considering it?
-what were the arguments against it? |
|
Definition
-reward the pioneers who are willing to risk their life/health/safety to develop the 160 acres of land
-Panic of 1857
-Eastern industrialists didn't like free land since they were afraid of losing their underpaid workers to the West
-The South realized that it would diminish slavery, and there would be more free-soilers |
|
|
Term
| Define: homestead act of 1860 |
|
Definition
-land was available for 25 cents/acre
-passed in congress, vetoed by Buchanan |
|
|
Term
| Talk about the Tariff of 1857 |
|
Definition
-the fed. government had a huge surplus, and reduced the rate to 20% (lowest since 1812)
-Northern manufacturers freaked(panic of 1857, you know), and called for higher tariffs |
|
|
Term
Abraham Lincoln:
-kind of awkward, but held his own in debates (7 w/ Douglas)
-Born into KY log cabin to impoverished parents
-largely self-educated
-married "above himself" into Todd family
-"Honest Abe" for case choices
-held important papers in his stovepipe hat
-Whig politician in 1847-9 Congress
-Kansas-Nebraska Act really got Lincoln fired up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the 7 debates that Lincoln had w/ Douglas, where was the most famous? Describe |
|
Definition
-Freeport (IL)
-Lincoln asked Douglas whether or not the people of a territory could vote to abolish slavery
-yes=violate Dred Scott/Supreme Ct precedent
-no=violate popular sovereignty, which he was a huge proponent of
-Said that by not voting in any laws that supported slavery, yes, they could.
-This was the Freeport Doctrine
-made Douglas win the battle but lose the war |
|
|
Term
| Talk about John Brown's 2nd raid |
|
Definition
-invade South secretly w/ handful of followers
-call upon slaves to rise
-furnish them w/ arms
-establish free black state as sanctuary
-asked Douglas and Tubman to come, who both declined
-struck @ Harper's Ferry and killed 7
-the slaves didn't rise up
-U.S. Marines under the command of Robert E. Lee captured Brown
-"Old Brown" was convicted of murder and treason |
|
|
Term
| According to critics, "Governor Wise of Virginia would have been wiser if..." |
|
Definition
| he had put John Brown in an insane asylum |
|
|
Term
| Describe John Brown's demeanor and last words during his trial |
|
Definition
-"Osawatomie Brown" was very courageous, dignified... to be a matyr for the abolitionists
-last words: "this IS a beautiful country" |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Northern reaction to John Brown's execution |
|
Definition
-many were unaware of JB's violent past, just saw him as a martyr
-free-soil centers in the North tolled bells, fired guns, lowered flags, held rallies, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Talk about the presidential nominees of 1860 |
|
Definition
-N Democrats chose Stephen A. Douglas
-S Democrats chose Breckenridge
-Constitutional Union Party (AKA Do Nothing or Old Gentleman's) chose Bell
-REPUBLICANS VOTED ABRAHAM LINCOLN!! WOOT!!! |
|
|
Term
| Why didn't S Dems like Douglas in Charleston? |
|
Definition
-Freeport Doctrine
-Objection to Lecompton Constitution
-went to Baltimore and picked moderate Breckenridge (KY) |
|
|
Term
| What was the N Dem. platform? (1860) |
|
Definition
proponents of...
-popular sovereignty
-Fugitive Slave Law |
|
|
Term
| What ruined Seward's prospects of presidency? |
|
Definition
-"irrepressible conflict" speech in Rochester
not a reason, but worth mentioning...
-Lincoln was a favorite son of IL |
|
|
Term
| What was the Republican platform of 1860? Why did it please everyone? |
|
Definition
-nonextension of slavery (free-soilers)
-higher tariff (manufacturers)
-no abridgment of rights (immigrants)
-free homesteads (farmers)
-internal improvements @ federal expense |
|
|
Term
| What is significant about the election results of 1860? |
|
Definition
-popular votes for totaled Democrats (Breckenridge+Douglas) > Linclon
-electoral vote still would have won
-gave South cause to secede |
|
|
Term
| V/F: Bell was a proponent of secession |
|
Definition
| falsum. Even though he was the fire-eater candidate...Douglas and Bell did pretty well in slave states |
|
|
Term
-The south, before secession...
-had a 5-4 Supreme Ct majority
-no senate/house control
-fed gov couldn't touch slavery
-amendment for slavery could be defeated by south |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What where the first 7 states to secede? |
|
Definition
-South Carolina
-Alabama, MI, FL, GA, LA, and TX |
|
|
Term
| Who was chosen to be the Confederate President @ Montgomery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why didn't the lame duck Buchanan stop the Southern states from seceding? |
|
Definition
-while he didn't think that they had the Const. authority to secede, he saw nothing in that document that said that he could do anything about it
-also, the standing army was spread out and thus kind of weak |
|
|
Term
NAME THAT MAN:
KY Compromiser who took over for Clay
(more detail!) |
|
Definition
-Henry Crittenden
-made Crittenden Compromise:
-slavery in all territories was to be prohibited north of the 36-30 line
-slavery south of that line and all territories to be acquired would be protected |
|
|
Term
| Why did Lincoln reject the Crittenden Compromise? |
|
Definition
| He had been elected on a nonexpansionist platform |
|
|
Term
| What might've happened if Buchanan had taken action in the South? |
|
Definition
-fighting would've erupted sooner
-N looks like aggressor
-border states would've been driven Sotuh |
|
|
Term
| V/F: The S thought the N depended on them economically, thus wouldn't wage war |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| V/F: The North was really into self-determination when the South seceded. |
|
Definition
|
|
