Term
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Definition
| study of patterns of inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| particular location of a gene on a chromosome (plural – loci) |
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Term
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Definition
| alternative forms of a gene |
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Term
| what is the effect of a dominate gene on a recessive one? |
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Definition
| it masks the recessive trait |
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Term
| what is a homozygous dominant (homozygote)? |
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Definition
| cell that has 2 dominant alleles (AA) |
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Term
| what is a homozygous recessive? |
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Definition
| – cell that has 2 recessive alleles (aa) |
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Term
| what is a heterozygous (heterozygote)? |
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Definition
| – cell that has 2 different alleles (Aa) “hybrid” |
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Term
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Definition
| – observable or expressed traits (i.e., hair/eye/skin color, blood type) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 types of crosses performed by Mendel |
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Definition
- monohybird
- dihybrid
- testcross |
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Term
| in regards to pollination, what made Mendel's garden peas a good organism for studying? |
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Definition
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Term
| in regards to offspring production, what made Mendel's garden peas a good organism for studying? |
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Definition
| produce several “offspring” in a short period of time |
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Term
| in terms of record keeping and observations, what made Mendel's garden peas a good organism for studying? |
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Definition
| easy to keep records and observations |
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Term
| in terms of number of traits, what made Mendel's garden peas a good organism for studying? |
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Definition
| there were only two forms of every trait |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 genes at homologous loci |
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Term
| what is a monohybrid cross? |
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Definition
| crossing 2 individuals from the F1 generation to get the F2 generation |
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Term
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Definition
| the separation of gametes when they form |
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Term
| what is independent assortment? |
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Definition
| separation of gametes happens independently of others |
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Term
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Definition
| Crossing an organism with a dominant phenotype with an organism with homozygous recessive phenotype |
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Term
| what is a dihybrid cross? |
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Definition
| a cross between F1 offspring of two individuals that differ in two traits |
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Term
| what are the 5 exceptions to Mendelian genetics? |
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Definition
- INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
- CODOMINANCE
- MULTIPLE ALLELES
- EPISTASIS
- PLEIOTROPY
- POLYGENIC INHERITANCE (ALSO CALLED CONTINUOUS VARIATION) |
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Term
| what is the result of incomplete dominance? |
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Definition
| blended (intermediate) effect |
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Term
| what kind of alleles are present in incomplete dominance? |
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Definition
| two different recessive alleles |
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Term
| what is the result of codominace? |
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Definition
| the expression of both phenotypes |
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Term
| what is the genotype for codominance? |
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Definition
| two different alleles that are dominant (i.e., RW) |
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Term
| what is the result of multiple alleles? |
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Definition
| more than two alleles that code for a particular trait (ABO blood type scheme) |
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Term
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Definition
| One pair of alleles (genes) at one locus may control the expression of another gene pair at a different locus. |
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Term
| what does epistasis usually involve? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens with pleiotropy? |
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Definition
| one pair of genes affects more than one phenotype |
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Term
| what is the condition involving pleiotropy that affects the color of skin, hair, and eyes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is polygenic inheritance (continous variation)? |
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Definition
| more than one pair of genes codes for a trait |
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Term
| what are the two premises of the Theory of Heredity? |
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Definition
1) chromosome number is halved during meiosis
2) chromosome number is restored when sperm fertilizes egg |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes that are the same regardless of gender |
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Term
| is the Y chromosome large or small? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the Y chromosome carry small or large amount of genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the main characteristic of the Y chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the X chromosome carry a large or small amount of genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are most of the genes on the X chromosomes associated with sex characteristics? |
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Definition
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Term
| what makes a gene "sex-linked"? |
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Definition
| it is located to a X or Y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of genes located on the same chromosome to end up in the same gamete |
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Term
| what are the 2 characteristics of autosomal recessive inheritance? |
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Definition
1) recessive allele is carried on an autosome
2) heterozygotes (Aa) are not affected |
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Term
| what are 4 examples of disorders as a result of autosomal recessive inheritance? |
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Definition
1) Sickle Cell Anemia
2) Tay-Sachs
3) Cystic Fibrosis
4) Phenylketonuria (PKU) |
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Term
| what are the 2 characteristics of autosomal dominant inheritance? |
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Definition
1) dominant allele causes disorder
2) less common |
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Term
| what are 5 examples of disorders caused by autosomal dominant inheritance? |
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Definition
1) Achondroplasia
2) Huntington’s
3) Marfan’s syndrome
4) Polydactylism – more than 5 fingers and toes
5) Brachydactylism – small fingers |
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Term
| What are the 2 characteristics of x-linked recessive inheritance? |
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Definition
1) affected gene occurs on X (not Y) chromosome
2) heterozygous females are normal phenotypically |
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Term
| 4 examples of x-linked recessive inheritance disorders? |
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Definition
1) Red-green colorblindness
2) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
3) Hemophilia
4) ALD (adrenoleukodystrophy) |
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Term
| what are sex-influenced genes? |
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Definition
| genes that are influenced by sex hormones |
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Term
| 2 examples if sex-influenced genes? |
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Definition
1) male-pattern baldness
2) milk production |
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Term
| What do all genetic disorders have in common? |
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Definition
| they ultimately affect proteins |
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Term
| what is the difference between genetic and chromosomal disorders? |
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Definition
| Chromosomal disorders can be detected by karyotyping |
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