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| one of the possible alternative forms of a gene, often distinguished from other genes by phenotypic effects |
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| each chromosome exists in pairs; having two of each chromosome |
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| organisms having true nuclei and membranous organelles and whose cells divide by mitosis and meiosis. |
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| the allelic or genetic constitution of an organism; often, the allelic composition of one or a limited number of genes under investigation |
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| different alleles at one or more loci. such individuals will produce unlike gametes adn therefore will not breed true |
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| the site or place on a chromosome where a particular gene is located |
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| the overt appearance of a genetically controlled trait |
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| the process that leads to the formation of new allele combinations on chromosomes |
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| the field of genetics concerned with heredity and the mechanisms by which genes are transferred from parent to offspring |
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| chromosomes that synapse or pair during meiosis and that are identical with respect to their genetic loci and centromere placement |
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| F1 generation, the progeny resulting from the first cross in a series |
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| the separation of maternal and paternal homologs of each homologous chromosome pair into gametes during meiosis. |
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a genetic cross involving only one character
ex: AA x aa |
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| the hypothesis that there is no real difference between the observed and expected datasets |
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| the most commonly observed phenotype or genotype, designated as the norm or standard |
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| loss of function mutation |
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| mutations that produce alleles that encode proteins with reduced or no function |
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