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Memory
Memory
50
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
06/04/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Pshychology
Definition
The systematic, scientific study of behavior and mental process.
Term
Mental Processes
Definition
Not Directly Observatable; Thinking, Imagining, Dreaming, ect...
Term
Structuralism
Definition

Wundt studied elements of the mind through Introspection.

 

Trained people to report elements; primarily sensations and perceptions.

Term
Functionalism
Definition

James studied the evolved funtions of thoughts and feelings. Based on Theory of evolution.

 

Suggested the function of thoughts and feelings was addaptive.

Term
Psychoanalytic Approach
Definition

Freuds theory, that people had underlying childhood expierences that greatly influed their adult life.

 

Freud also emphaized on the unconscious mind and its effect on behavior

Term
Behaviorism 
Definition

Started in 1900

 

Completely emphasized on study of behavior instead of the mind or mental thoughts

 

Objective, scientific analysis of observable behavior.

 

Watson's expirement.

Term
Behavioral Approach Today
Definition
Studies how people lean or modify behaviors depending on whether event in their enviroments reward or punish.
Term
Cognitive Approach
Definition
Behavior is learned thru observation, imitation, and modeling
Term
Memory
Definition
Ability to retain information over time thru the process of encoding, storing and retrieving 
Term
The three types of Memory
Definition
Sensory, short, and longterm Memory.
Term
Sensory Memory
Definition
Recieves and hold enviroment information in its raw form for a brief period of time.
Term
The process from Sensory to Short Term
Definition
By paying attention, if not it is forgotten.
Term
Iconic Memory
Definition

Automatically holds visual info for a quarter of a second.

 

When you shift attention info disappears 

Term
Echoic Memory
Definition
Hold auditory info for a second or two.
Term
Functions of Sensory Information
Definition

- Prevents being overwhelmed

- Gives decision time 

- Provides stablitly, playback, and recognition

- Echoic is import for speech and language

Term
Short Term Memory
Definition

 

-Hold information of 2 - 30 seconds.

-Can hold 7 pieces of information(Give or take two)

Term
Attending
Definition
Selectively attend to info that is relevant and disregard everything else 
Term
Storing
Definition
Helps to store or encoded information into long term memory
Term
Chunking 
Definition
Combining seperate items or info into a large until then remember chunks of info rather than single items.
Term
Long Term Memory
Definition
Can store unlimited amount of info over long periods of time with potential to retieving such info in the future.
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition
Better recall of infor present at the beginning of a task
Term
Recency Effect
Definition
Better recall of info presented at the end of a task
Term
Primacy and Recency Effect
Definition
Together known as Serial Position effects
Term
Spacing Effect
Definition

Info better retained when rehearsed over time

 

Better than craming info in at once.

Term
Context Effect
Definition

Scuba Example.

 

People do better on tests if taken in the same enviroment that information was learned in.

Term
Retrieval Cues
Definition

- Mental reminders created by forming vivid metal images.

 

- Creating associations between new info and info we already knew

 

- Memories filter or fill in missing pieces of info to make our recall more coherent (Like the sleep exercise)

Term
Source Misattribution
Definition

Attributing to the wrong source of an event that we experienced, heard, read or imagined.

 

Weakest part of memory is its Source.

 

In many cases, we retained the image but not the context in which it was aquired.

Term
Declarative Memory
Definition
Semantic, and Episodic memory.
Term
Semantic Memory
Definition
Knowledge of facts, concepts, words, definitions, language.
Term
Episodic Memory
Definition
Knowledge of specific events, personal experiences or activites.
Term
Procedural(non-declarative Memory)
Definition
Involves Memory of Motor skills
Term
Encoding
Definition
Is the process of transfering information from Short term to long term memory by paying attenting, rehearsing, or forming new associations 
Term
Automatic Encoding
Definition

Transfers info from short to long term without any effort usually without awarness.

 

- Personal events

- Intresting Facts

- Skills and Habbits

Term
EffortFul Encoding
Definition

Transfer from short into long term  by Working hard to repeat or rehearse the info

 

Making associations between new and old info

Term
Maintenance Rehearsal
Definition
Repeating the info rather than forming any new associations.  
Term
Elaborative Encoding
Definition
Using effort to actively make meaningful associations between old and new info
Term
Flashbulb Memories
Definition

Vivid recollections, usually in great detail.

 

Dramatic or emotional incidents.

Term
Levels of Processing Theory
Definition

  - Remember depends on how info is encoded

- Shallow processing = to poor recall

- Deeper and Deepst processing (Encoded by making associations ) = Better recall

Term
Recall
Definition
The ability to retieve and reproduce info encountered earlier.
Term
Recognition
Definition
is the ability to identify info previously observed, heard, or read.
Term
Network Theory
Definition

We store related ideas in separate categories called nodes

 

As we make associations among info links are made among thousands of nodes.

Term
Organization of Network Hierarchy
Definition
Nodes contain related info oraganized around a sepcific topic or category.
Term
Forgetting
Definition

- Storage Decay shown by Ebbinghaus forgetting curve.

 

- Unfamiliar or unintresting info

 

- Longer time harder to remember as shown by Ebbinghaus's chart(Adventually levels off.)

Term
Interference
Definition
The forgetting process in which the recall of some particular memory is blocked.
Term
Proactive Interference
Definition
Old info disrupts the remembering of related new info.
Term
Retroactive Interference
Definition
New info disrupts the rerieval of related old info.
Term
Amnesia
Definition

- Loss of Memory due to injurt, brain damage, or disease

 

- May be Temporary or permanent

Term
Distortion
Definition

We misremember something due to memory distortion cause by source misattribution, bias, or suggestability.

 

Term

Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon

- Reasons why?

Definition

- Strong feeling that a particular word can be recalled but temporarily unable to do it.

 

Why

- Encoded with inadequate retrieval cues

- Interference from similar sounding name/objects

Term
Repression(Freudian Theory)
Definition

Mental process that automatically hides emotionally threating or anxiety-producing info in the unconscious.

 

- Cannot be recalled voluntairily

 

- Something may cause them to enter consciousness at later time.

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