Term
| What is the difference between infectious and noninfectious respiratory diseases? |
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Definition
| Infectious diseases are the ones that we can cure, noninfectious diseases are more chronic (in general) |
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Term
| What are the structures of the lower respiratory system? |
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Definition
1. Lungs
2. Pleura
3. Mediastinum (area between the lungs, contains heart, trachea, esophagus, and lymph nodes)
4. Bronchi and Bronchioles
5. Alveoli |
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Term
| What part of the ABCD (Airway, Breathing, etc.) would ventilation problems be? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the ABCDs of nursing assessment would respiration problems be? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the ABCDs of a nursing assessment would gas exchange be considered? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of the air in and out of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion of oxygen & carbon dioxide across cell membranes |
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Term
| The respiratory system depends on pulmonary perfusion. What is pulmonary perfusion? |
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Definition
| Filling of the pulmonary capillaries with blood |
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Term
| What would be the chief complaint, the risk factors, the signs and symptoms, and the characteristic symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea? |
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Definition
Chief Complaint: Insomina & Hypersomnolence
Risk Factors: Obesity, male gender, post-menopausal, advanced age
S&S: Frequent & loud snoring, snorting, & gasping, choking & apneic episodes
Characteristic: recurrent upper airway obstruction (lasting >10 sec, >5 x/hr) and reduced ventilation |
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Term
| What are the complications and correlations of Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)? |
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Definition
Complications: Daytime sleepiness increases risk of accident/injury
Correlated with: HTN, HF, Stroke, Arrhythmia |
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Term
| What are 2 medical managements of Obstructive Sleep Apnea? |
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Definition
1. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
2. Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) |
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Term
| Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) |
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Definition
| Delivers a set positive airway pressure continuously during each cycle of inhalation and exhalation |
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Term
| What should you do for Nursing Management for OSA? |
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Definition
-Teach about OSA S&S
-Teach proper use of CPAP/BiPAP
-Monitor resp status of pts with OSA-airway already compromised
-If pt uses CPAP at home, then they need while inpatient even if just "overnight"
-Watch for signs of undiagnosed OSA (high risk for respiratory depression/failure pot-op) |
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Term
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Definition
-Obstruction of a pulmonary artery by blood clot, air, fat, amniotic fluid, or septic thrombus
-symptoms are SOB, sharp pain in chest, coughing that produces blood |
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Term
| 3 major risk factors for pulmonary emboli |
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Definition
1. Hypercoagulable state
2. Vascular wall injury
3. Circulatory stasis |
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Term
| What are the signs of a pulmonary embolism? |
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Definition
-Tachycardia, tachypnea
-Crackles
-Pleural friction rub
-Diaphoresis
-Petechiae over chest and axillae
-Decreased O2 stats |
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Term
| What are things a patient can do to prevent a pulmonary embolism? |
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Definition
-Passive and active leg exercises to avoid venous stasis
-Early ambulatoin
-Anticoagulant therapy
-Sequential compression devices
-Avoid long, static positions. Push fluids when sitting
-Avoid Valsalva maneuver
-Smoking cessation |
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Term
| What are treatment options for a pulmonary embolism? |
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Definition
-Anticoagulation
-Thrombolytic therapy for hemodynamic instability
-Supportive measures to improve respiratory and CV status |
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Term
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Definition
| Common cause of spontaneous pneumothorax in young children and adults. Blebs are weakened out-pouchings in the upper lung, which can rupture |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of pneumothorax? |
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Definition
| Sharp pain with inhalation or cough, SOB, fatigue, tachycardia |
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Term
| What are the treatments for pneumothorax? |
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Definition
1. Tube thoracostomy: chest tube to suction
2. Oxygen therapy
3. Thoracotomy (surgical incision into the chest wall) |
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Term
| What is Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and list some of examples of diseases that fit into this category. |
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Definition
Characterized by increased resistance to airflow as a result of airway obstruction or narrowing
-Asthma
-Emphysema
-COPD
-Cystic Fibrosis |
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Term
| What are the signs and symptoms of asthma? |
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Definition
-Cough w/wo mucus production
-Dyspnea
-Wheezing (first on expiration, then during inspiration)
-Chest tightness
-Expiration require effort and becomes prolonged
-Status asthmaticus (Emergency!) |
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Term
| What is some nursing management techniques for Asthma? |
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Definition
-Determine severity of asthma attack
-Initiate emergency response if severe
-Pt. educuation re: taking meds regularly to prevent exacerbation, avoid allergens, peak flow monitoring |
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Term
| What are some nursing managements for Emphysema? |
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Definition
-Breathing exercises (diaphragmatic inhalation, pursed lip exhalation)practice
-Manage activities to avoid DOE
-Encourage adeq nutrition and hydration
-Pulmonary rehab |
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Term
| What are nursing interventions for COPD? |
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Definition
-Airway maintenance
-Monitoring/breathing techniques
-Positioning, coughing
-O2
-Hydration
-Suctioning
-Vibratory positive pressure
-Medication management/education
-Prevent wt loss through adequate nutrition
-Anxiety prevention and management
-Improve activity tolerance |
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Term
| Which is worse, hypoxia or hypercapnia? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| CO2 level over 45mmHg, can drive serum pH down and result in respiratory acidosis |
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Term
| Motivational Interviewing |
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Definition
| Collaborative, person-centered form of guiding to elicit and strengthen motivation for change |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis? |
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Definition
-Very salty-tasting skin
-Persistent coughing, phlegm and mucus
-frequent lung infections
-Wheezing or SOB
-Poor growth/weight gain in spite of a good appetite
-Frequent greasy, bulky stools or difficulty in bowel
-Clubbing of fingers
-Osteoporosis
-May lead to: pancreatitis, liver disease, gallstones, diabetes, infertility |
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Term
| What are some nursing managements for cystic fibrosis? |
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Definition
-Weight management, prevent weight loss
-Education: medication management, infection prevention, pulmonary hygiene, nutrition/vitamin supplements, breathing techniques |
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Term
| What are signs and symptoms of pneumonia? |
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Definition
-Chills
-Fever
-Pleuritic chest pain aggravated by deep breathing and coughing
-Tachypnea
-SOB, dyspnea on exertion
-Use of accessory muscles
-Tachycardia |
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Term
| What are the 2 major concerns re: severe pneumonia? |
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Definition
1. Sepsis
2. Respiratory failure |
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Term
| What are diagnostic tests for pneumonia? |
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Definition
-Chest X-ray
-Physical exam
-Sputum exam (culture/gram stain)
-Blood culture to r/o sepsis |
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Term
| What is the number 1 way to prevent infection while a patient is intubated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some treatments for fluid overload? |
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Definition
-Oxygen
-Positioning
-Diuretics
-Vasodilators
-Meds to improve cardiac functioning |
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Term
| What are some treatments for mucus? |
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Definition
-Oxygen
-DB&C (incentive spirometer)
-Positioning and mobility
-Chest PT
-Hydration
-Antibiotics
-Corticosteroids (if inflammatory process) |
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Term
| What are possible nursing diagnoses for pnemonia? |
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Definition
1. Ineffective airway clearance
2. Impaired gas exchange
3. Activity intolerance
4. Risk for fluid volume deficit r/t fever and rapid RR, decreased po intake
5. Risk for aspiration |
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Term
| Which populations are at high risk for the flu? |
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Definition
-Older than 50
-Chronic illnesses or immune compromise
-Living in institutional setting
-Living with someone at risk
-Health care personnel providing direct care |
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Term
| What are the airborne precautions for TB? |
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Definition
-N95 mask or respirator
-Private room
-Negative pressure room if available |
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Term
| What are signs and symptoms of active TB? |
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Definition
-Persistent cough
-Weight loss
-Anorexia
-Night sweats
-Hemoptysis
-SOB
-Fever or chills |
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Term
| What is the most important nursing intervention for a patient with TB? |
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Definition
| Patient teaching about medication adherence (6 month regimens) |
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Term
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Definition
Accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space related to a lung infection
Symptoms include:
-Pleuritic CP
-Dry cough
-Diaphoresis, fever, chills
-Malaise |
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Term
| What is the treatment for empyema? |
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Definition
| Antibiotics and a chest tube |
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