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Definition
Early Renaissance thinkers who perceived a break in tradition separating the Renaissance and the Roman Classical period which they saw as a period of degeneracy or at least inertia
On either side, there was the bond of humanism and scientific thinking that M.A. didn't have |
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| Roman Emperor, designed the first, temporary tetrarchy |
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| Statue of the four rulers |
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| Theodosius I – Honorius – Arcadius c.395 |
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Definition
Made tetrarchy permanent in face of government upheaval, famine, imperial overreach, barbarian invasions
Honorius - Arcadius --> his sons |
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Definition
Mystery cult religion-many traits were adopted into Christian religion
Common especially among Roman legionnaires
Emblem is Mithras stabbing a bull as a dog goes for its throat and a scorpion clings to testicles |
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Definition
legalized Christianity in empire
Became Christian prior to death (337)
Bernini's Constantine statue |
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Definition
| Made Christianity legal in Empire |
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Term
| Constantinople (Istanbul) |
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Definition
Moved empire capital from Rome to Byzantium (330)
Eastern empire was rapidly Christianizing, richer than western empire |
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Definition
| Fishing village on Bosporus St |
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Definition
| Natural harbor shooting off straits |
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Definition
Striped motif on walls
Sea walls were double-layered |
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Definition
Found in various towers making up walls-vaulted brick
Soldiers lived in towers |
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Definition
Conscious attempts to create continuity btw old Roman Empire & new Eastern Empire
Eternity of empire |
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Term
| Trajan, Constantine, Theodosius I, Arcadius |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Sarcophagus of mother of Constantine
Big purple thing with reliefs on surface |
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Definition
Winged goddess of victory
Theme repeated in angels of Christian sculpture |
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Definition
| Fully prone submissive position seen in figure on St Helen sarcophagus towards leader |
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Definition
| was a Greek stadium for horse racing and chariot racing |
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Definition
The Egyptian obelisk from c.530BC
Byzantine-period base showing other uses for Hippodrome:
Poetry competition winning
1)
Coronation of emperor-kneeling supplicants beneath central emperor flanked by registered retinue
2)
Public addresses
3)
The actual games-shows emperor in his box, behind basketweave fence, overseeing chariot race beneath |
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Definition
| large building that housed royalty |
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Definition
| Great entryway into city or palace |
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Definition
Ceremonial corridor decorated with mosaic walkways
Leads to the official reception rooms of the ruler within a palace |
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Definition
Constructed with thumbnail sized colored glass/tile/etc, set into wet plaster
Go back to beginning of Hellenistic
Pavement art form prior to Christian iterations |
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Term
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Definition
| "I won, you suck" in image form |
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Term
| Arch of Galerius, Salonika |
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Definition
Largest Greek city in Byz Empire
Part of Diocletian tetrarchy
Shows registered scenes of martial victory on arch bases |
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Term
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Definition
Rectangular plaque with emperor
Equestrian sculpture in relief as central element of panel with Christ blessing from above and supplicants being "crushed" beneath
Equestrian sculpture-martial victory theme began in Hellenistic
Winged figures (Nike>angel) carrying victory symbols |
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Definition
Byz provincial capital and some of best early C monuments
Mosaic of Christ as young roman warrior c540 with cross in halo set above door archway with lion & snake
Archiepiscopal palace |
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Term
| Strasbourg: Virtues and Vices |
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Definition
| Virtuous figures stand atop a crumpled figure of vice being speared by the virtues placed in cathedral façade flanking main portals |
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Term
| Preudentius, Psychomachia |
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Definition
| "battle for the Soul" 5th century text |
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Definition
The harrowing of hell image-Christ resurrecting the pre-Christian saints from Limbo after restraining Devil & smashing gates of hell
Shows frequently in later medieval art
Christ overdefeated devil underfoot |
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Definition
| Laurel wreath = achievement in art or political/military fields During Classical period |
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Definition
Ruler on throne; AKA
"Look at me, I'm super awesome"
...in image form |
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Definition
388AD -The silver medallion (really more like a shield in size) seen million times above
Gift from Emperor Theodosius Great to lieutenant
Theo enthroned-as icon of imperial power
Egyptian form of hieratic scale & frontality of |
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Definition
Vine scrolls used as decorative elements as well as fertility of reign
Stylized into spirals, often with grapes sprouting off |
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Definition
| Santa Costanza is a church in Rome, built under Emperor Constantine I and place of burial (mausoleum) of his daughters Constantina and Helena |
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Definition
Major expression of Christ's image in early Med in keeping with shepherd motif of New Testament
Much like ancient expressions of sacrifices in Ancient world |
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Term
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Definition
| Archaic Greek Calf-bearer statue |
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Term
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Definition
| ancient, human-made underground passageways or final resting place of reffuges or subterranean cemeteries composed thereof |
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Definition
| comes from the phrase "I am the alpha and the omega" an appellation of Jesus in the Book of Revelation |
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Definition
| one of the earliest forms of christogram, and is used by Christians |
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Term
| Greek Classical → hellenistic → Roman (Republic, Empire) |
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Definition
Classical = serene and ideal
Hellenistic = emotional and real |
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Definition
| is a city and commune in the province of Naples in Campania, Italy. |
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Definition
Massive country house in Sicily with 40k sq ft of mosaic floors
Figures against flat & neutral white background
Wide eyes
Compression of space & loss of recession
Tendency towards frontality |
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Definition
Former port city of Rome
Mostly black & white mosaic designs
White tesserae used to show details
Rinceau details in many pieces |
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Definition
| art of creating images with an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stone, or other materials |
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Definition
| Open-armed praying gesture looking upward towards God |
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Definition
Synagogue in Roman settlement in Syria, only recently rediscovered
Ark of Covenant
Aaron (high priests)
Shows Jewish figural art poss. based on Jewish illustrated torah scrolls |
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Definition
| 388AD -The silver medallion (really more like a shield in size) seen million times above |
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Term
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Definition
Massive bronze statue from Constantinople of an emperor
Potentially Herikalitus but unknown
Slight contrapossto & drapery naturality but rigid figure & monumentality suggest Egypt
Now holds cross in hand & ball of state in other
Head disappears inside crown -not meant to be viewed in round? |
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Definition
| Norwegian author suggested parallel btw onset of schematization of Medieval Art & structure of Roman state. |
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Term
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Definition
Society was more rigid & symmetrical (orderly)from Diocletian on, becoming more level after institution of tetrarchy
This reality was reflected in art to show symmetry and order
Less flexibility for expression?
Slowly moving towards totalitarian/authoritarian government |
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Term
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Definition
Area around Caspian sea near fusion of Iran & Russia
Scythians - Tribes that lived within Luristan |
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Term
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Definition
| Interlacing abstract patterns appears in architectural decoration (Islamic, Viking, Celtic, -tribal stylization |
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Term
| Optical (vs. Tactile) Relief |
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Definition
Tactile-something that seems as if you touch it, should feel like what it looks like
Optical-interplay of light on surface that makes realistic image (roughness looks like cloth) |
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Term
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Definition
| Interlace of gold lines within a pattern of linear lines (often seen in Byzantine art) |
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Term
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Definition
Often internalized classical images into their art-simplified it but still added elements
Twiggy
Unrealistic, unidealized
Could also stick to native tradition that looks more tribal
Fed into Plebian style-clear storyline, simple figures, more understandable to newcomers to Empire (barbarians) |
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Term
| 'Plebian' Style in Roman Art |
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Definition
Native style; short, stubby, frontal, lack of detail, depth and individuality
Fugly, basically |
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Term
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Definition
Tombs of early saints built as above ground mounds
Location of religious services & venerations
Burial communities grew up around them into cemeteries |
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Term
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Definition
| ancient, human-made underground passageways or final resting place of reffuges or subterranean cemeteries composed thereof |
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Definition
| Corridors between catacombs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Arched burial location for one person
Sites of important community member's burial
Varying sizes & styles
Sometimes @ end of loculi, will be small chamber used for worship services |
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Definition
As church liturgy in official church develops, structure of worship shapes the building shape
Origin
1: Roman House
2: Imperial palace
3: Roman Basilica
4: Roman Temple |
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Term
| Atrium <--> Roman house: Atrium |
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Definition
Entry to home
Roof with rectangular hole to allow rain to collect in basin
Multistory structure |
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Term
| Narthex(Exo-/Eno-) <-> Roman House: Tablinum |
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Definition
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Term
| Nave <-> Roman House: Peristyle |
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Definition
| Colonnaded area in church flanked by side aisle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Apse <-> Roman House: Exedra |
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Definition
| High altar area at end of building |
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Term
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Definition
| wall that marks change from nave to arch using arched inset to mark high altar |
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Definition
Structure built into ceremonial approach to palaces
Emperor in palace would appear under arch to signal imperial might
Much like the arches that develop at the high altar |
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Definition
Subterr area under bema where notable individuals buried
Pilgrimage location for martyrium
Accessed by stairs to sides of altar |
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Definition
| Upper story pierced with windows to allow light into central space of building |
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Term
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Definition
Apse is at East facing the Holy Land
Worshipers would progress towards most sacred region |
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Term
| Old St. Peter's (Vatican Hill) |
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Definition
Est Constan the Great on site if current church
5-aiseld Basilica (3 aisled more usual for normal basilicas)
Tall & wide nave w/ side aisles separated by colonnades & arcades
Large areas of wall space for mosaics & frescoes
333 |
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Term
| St. Paul Outside the Walls |
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Definition
Most of original bld burned 1823 but auth rebuilt
Has dual-layer narthex
Full basilica plan structure
380 |
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Term
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Definition
Cathedral of Rome
Attaches to Papal palace
Transpets are nearly as long as nave
Exterior is Baroque redo
Late medieval thingy looks like a tower but holds martyr pieces sits in front of altar |
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Definition
Holy Stairway
Leads to sanctuarythat holds Christian icons
Supposedly route taken by Christ to see Pilate |
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Term
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Definition
1st church dedicated to newly canonized Virgin Mary
Facade & apse overhauled in Baroque period
Building = elevated to have people go up into bldg
3-aisle colonnade nave
Flat coffered wooden ceiling covered in gold from Incan Empire
432 |
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Term
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Definition
Mary as the Mother of God
small chapel attached to Catholicon
cross in square |
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Term
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Definition
Almost exact copy of Constantine's Basilica of Trier
3 asiles, no transpet
420 |
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Term
| Pastophories: Prothesis, Diakonikon |
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Definition
Pastophories - Little sub-apses flank main apse
Prothesis - Elements of Eucharist prepared
Diakonikon - |
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Term
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Definition
| Treasury of church where donations were kept |
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Term
| Hagios Demetrios, Salonika |
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Definition
Eastern model of basilica plan (rare)
Overflow crowds
Gender separation
Eliminates space for narrative scenes
Clerestory & nave separated by gallery level
Taller w/ more window space
More focus on light than on altar
Taller, narrower with more windows & less side aisles
312 |
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Term
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Definition
Beehive & mound tombs of ancient history
circle = eternal w/ no end or corners & unity
no places for shadows or dirt to gather in corners
circles echoes celestial spheres in beauty
simplest of figures
round tombs under Christian theology
Concepts in central plans
Death
Healing
water |
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Term
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Definition
Capital of Ravenna where he ruled Italy as 2nd Ostrogoth king
2 levels of heavy stone
Monolithic dome 12yds wide
Porphyry basin prob-sarcophagus |
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Term
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Definition
Dome over central altar
Surr by ambulatory
350 |
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Term
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Definition
470
rotunda surr by supporting columns |
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Definition
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Definition
meant to mimic Holy Sepulcher
large rotunda
400-500 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
themes echoed across European buildings
constant reconstruction/destruction cycle
1100's massive structure in Romanesque style (extant) built by Crusaders in French Romanesque
tomb itself under dome |
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Term
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Definition
| square base capped by domical superstructure |
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Term
| St. Simeon Stylites, Qalat Seman |
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Definition
site where hermit sat on top of column for 30 yrs
broad transept with apse & pastopheres
Looks like 4 equal naves extending off octagonal center-apparently one is a nave & two others are transepts and other is entry even though all look the same (WTF?)
octagonal shape of rotunda surrounded by arms of square cross |
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Term
| S. Sepolocro, Pisa/Bologna |
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Definition
octagonal central plan with reconstruction of Tomb of Christ inside (Bologna)
1100 |
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Term
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Definition
Church of Knights Templar in London
charged w/caring for Temple Mount in Jerusalem |
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Term
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Definition
separate buildings from main church due to baptistery procedures
associated with healing & religious pilgrimage
Delphi, Olympia, Epidaurus (classical continuity)
related to Greek tholos(dome)
Ancient Roman central plan temples -Pantheon,
Calidarium of complex
Baths of Trajan; Caracalla
Cleanliness, rejuvenation
Bath Complexes
Origins |
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Term
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Definition
C450 -Orthodox baptisry
C500-Arian Baptistry
Parma
Octagonal multi-story baptistery
Rebirth into Christian community symbolizing death from earthly sin & rebirth into new life
Healing & steps to salvation as a simile for Resurrection
Ancient roman: Cicero-perfect number, octagonal bldgs marked sacred springs, festival of water occurred during 8th month of year; perfection
Justin Martyr: 8 survivors of Noah's Ark (purifying properties of Great Flood)
Judaism: eighth day of life =circumcision
7th age = current age, 8th Age = Eternal life
Sts Augustine
8 = rejuvenation, age of eternity, Christ resurrected on 8th day
Ambrose
Resurrection of Christ on 8th day marked beginning of new world
Barnabas
Christian
Symbolism of eight (death & healing) |
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Term
| Sts. Augustine, Ambrose, Barnabas, Justin Martyr |
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Definition
Augustine 7th age = current age, 8th Age = Eternal life
Ambrose - 8 = rejuvenation, age of eternity, Christ resurrected on 8th day
Barnabas - Resurrection of Christ on 8th day marked beginning of new world
Justin Martyr - 8 survivors of Noah's Ark (purifying properties of Great Flood) Christian |
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Term
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Definition
463,
4 aisled basilica plan; no transept
Square-ish building
Semi-circular apse (inside); polygonal on exterior
Pitched roof
Church of St. Irene (Hagia Irene)
Reconstruction of earlier building that burned in 532
Rectilinear; dome over central portion
Central plan (?)
Aligned with Hagia Sophia
connected theologically as well
Polygonal apse |
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Term
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Definition
532
Basilica plan w/ central dome
Close proximity to Hagia Sophia
Polygonal exterior apse walls
Dome supported by shallow arches & pendentive system
Apse = top of cross
Arch insets -arms
Cross in square plan |
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Term
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Definition
| Semi-circular meeting area for clergy inside apse behind the altar |
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Term
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Definition
Church of the Apostles in 2nd phase
Burial place of Byzantine monarchs
Intended as martyrium for disciples relics
Completely destroyed |
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Term
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Definition
Fragmentary bldg supposed to be his library
Basilica plan church w/6 domes over naves & transept
Precursor to Greek cross Basilica-shorten nave & would become Quincux |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
5 domes, equal side arms
Accurate cross shape |
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Term
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Definition
Thin brick & mortar walls supported by rough flying buttresses
Gabled timber & Tile roof
Off-center narthex
Fully enclosed circular pastopheres off apse
Encircling ambulatory with groin vaulting
Dual level interior with matronea
Curving interior walls (like umbrella dome) interspersed by wedge-shaped supporting piers
Central plan-
Interior is covered with patterned marble
Basket & decorative capitals
Plaster reliefs
Mosaics on walls, ceiling & floors
Very few undecorated surfaces (originally all decorated) |
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Term
| Bishops Ecclesius, Victor, Maximianus |
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Definition
Ecclesius = Patron of church building project
Shown in Pantokrator mosaic (labeled)
Maximianus = Bishop who oversaw the opening & dedication of S Vitale
Appears in Justinian mosaic |
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Term
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Definition
Potentially meant as alternative to Athena worship & answer to Temple of Solomon
Original façade echoed fastigium for Domitian's Palace @ Spilt
3rd construction took less than 6 years but needed extensive rebuilding immediately (earthquake)
Drawn from Hagia Irene structural system
Was largest church/dome for centuries
Had 4 acres of mosaics inside building
532-537 |
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Term
| Anthemios of Tralles & Isodoros of Miletus |
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Definition
Scientists from Asia Minor who designed the first church
Ended up being supported by heavy exterior buttresses 1312 because of dome strain
Tried to use a series of consecutive semi-domes and large structural arches to support the massive central dome |
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Term
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Definition
| Architect who led 989 reconstruction |
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Term
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Definition
Riot in Hippodrome adjacent to Hagia Sophia
Resulted in massive fire in city that destroyed 1/2 city |
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Term
| Sta Maria Della Spina, Pisa/ Ste-Chapelle |
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Definition
Little white chapel (reliquary bldg) along river built to house part of crown of thorns
Full-blown gothic chapel in Paris also built to house par of crown |
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Term
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Definition
Upper gallery within an eastern church
Refers to women's area of worship within church |
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Term
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Definition
| Massive exterior tower buttresses on both north & south sides of building support the dome & flank the large structural arches |
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Term
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Definition
Closed altar or choir screen behind which the Orthodox ceremony took place at the high altar
Public did not see certain parts of the ceremonies but other major parts (patriarch and emperor meeting for Eucharist) used to express church-state relationship |
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Term
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Definition
King & Pope-blend of royal rulership & church leadership
Demonstrated through process of Eucharist |
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Term
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Definition
| Was is awe of Hagia Sophia |
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Term
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Definition
| Was overwhelmed by Hagia Sophia |
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Term
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Definition
| Earthly beauty is reflection of greater beauty and by contemplating earthly things, your mind is drawn to earthly things |
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Term
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Definition
| Super hard building material usually comes from Egypt |
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