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Definition
| Occurs when the diaphragm moves downward and the chest wall moves outward. Active process. |
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Definition
| The relaxation of the diaphragm and chest wall causing air to be expelled. Passive process. |
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Term
| ACCESSORY MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION |
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Definition
| Neck and upper chest muscles not needed for normal breathing. |
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Definition
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| Listening to the chest, particularly breath sounds, with the use of a stethoscope. |
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Definition
| Pertaining to the bases (lowermost parts) of the lungs. |
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Definition
| Abnormal, irreversible dilatation of bronchi, related to chronic infection. |
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Definition
| May be variously described as brassy, bubbling, croupy, hacking, harsh, hollow, loose, metallic, nonproductive, productive, rasping, rattling, or wracking. |
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Definition
| Bluish color of the skin, particularly lips and nail beds, due to presence of excess unoxygenated blood in the circulation. |
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Definition
| Thickening of bronchial walls as seen on chest x-ray. |
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Definition
| Enlargement of fingertips with elevation of proximal parts of nails, due to chronic pulmonary disease. |
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Definition
| Muffling on percussion due to consolidation of lung tissue by infection or neoplasm, or to fluid in the pleural space. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Coughing up blood from respiratory passages. |
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Definition
| Accentuated breath sounds on auscultation due to a cavity within lung tissue or air in the pleural space. |
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Definition
| Diffusion of inflammatory fluid or exudate into air cavities of the lung, or their walls, producing cloudiness of lung tissue on chest x-ray. |
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Definition
| Sucking in of muscles between ribs on inspiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abbreviation for Pneumocystis pneumonia, due to Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly P. carinii). |
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Term
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Definition
| A delicate serous membrane protecting the lungs. |
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Definition
| a creaking, grating, or rubbing sound caused by friction between inflammed pleural surfaces during breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sharply localized stabbing pain in the chest that is aggravated by taking a deep breath, and virtually abolished by breathholding. It typically results from irritation of the pleura due to pleurisy, pneumonia, pulmonary infarcation, or chest wall injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phlegm from the respiratory passages. Can be watery, viscous, or purulent. |
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Term
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Definition
| An irregular discontinous sound, like bubbling fluid, crackling paper, or popping corn. Rales are heard on auscultation of the lungs and are due to passage of air through fluid-mucus, pus, edema fluid, or blood-or to the sudden expansion of small air passages that have been plugged or sealed by mucus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Indicated by increased effort to breathe, pursing of lips, and use of accessory muscles of respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Whistling or honking sounds resulting from passage of air through a respiratory passage narrowed by bronchospasm (in asthma), swelling, thickened secretions, or tumor. Rhonchi vary widely in pitch and intensity; in asthma, rhonchi of many different pitches may be heard together ("musical chest"). |
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Definition
| Feeling out of breath; breathlessness; difficulty of catching one's breath. |
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Term
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Definition
| May be variously described as blood-streaked, bloody, clear, foul-tasting, frothy, gelatinous, green, purulent, putrid, ropy, rusty, viscid, viscous, watery, or yellow. |
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Definition
| Increased respiratory rate. |
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Definition
| Whistling sound made in breathing. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE (BAL) |
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Definition
| Obtaining of material from lung tissue by washing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inspection of the interior of the trachea and main bronchi with a fiberoptic instrument. Specimens and biopsies can be taken through the instrument. |
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Term
| CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) |
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Definition
| The use of external compression of the heart coupled with breathing techniques to revive a victim whose heart and respirations have stopped. |
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Term
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Definition
| X-rays of the chest are taken to assess the clarity of the lung fields. Milky or opaque shadows in the lung fields can denote edema or mucus secretions. An anterior-posterior (anteroposterior) (AP) film shows the lungs as the x-rays pass from the front of the body to the back. A PA film does the opposite. |
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Term
FEV1 (FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME IN ONE SECOND) |
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Definition
| The amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled in one second following maximum inspiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abbreviation for fractional inspired oxygen or inspired flow of oxygen. |
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Term
FVC (FORCED VITAL CAPACITY) |
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Definition
| The total amount of air that can be exhaled forcefully following maximum inspiration. |
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Term
| HISTORY AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION (H&P) |
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Definition
| With particular attention to skin color, respiratory effort, the fullness and symmetry of chest expansion during inspiration, respiratory noises heard with or without a stethoscope, and findings on percussion. |
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Term
| IMV (INTERMITTENT MANDATORY VENTILATION) |
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Definition
| Usually followed by a number, e.g., IMV of 5. |
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Term
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Definition
| Standard PA and lateral chest x-rays, oblique or tomographic studies as needed; fluoroscopy; CT and MRI for various specialized diagnostic investigations; ventilation-perfusion scan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin test done for TB. A needle is inserted intradermally, and a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) from the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is inserted under the skin. A Mantoux test is a definitive test and is usually done to confirm a previously positive tine test. A positive reaction means the patient has or had TB. |
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of oxygen being carried by the hemoglobin, compared to the amount that could be carried, and expressed as a percent (100% being total saturation). |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. A pH of 7.0 indicates neutrality. Numbers above 7.0 indicate alkalinity, numbers below indicate acidity. The p is ALWAYS a lowercase letter. If the word pH begins a sentence, insert "the" before it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Either by percutaneous (needle) or open procedure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Purified protein derivative; Mantoux test, tine test. |
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Term
| PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS (PFTs) |
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Definition
| To measure the rate and volume of gas exchange in the respiratory system by means of finely calibrated instruments. |
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Term
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Definition
| For pathogenic organisms (by smear and culture), neoplastic cells, or other abnormal findings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin test for TB. A multiple-puncture device is used to pierce the skin and insert a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) from the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A positive reaction is confirmed by doing a Mantoux test. The four small baldes used to puncture the skin are called tines because they resemble the tips or tines of a fork. |
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Term
| VENTILATION-PERFUSION SCAN (V-P SCAN) |
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Definition
| A nuclear scan so named because it studies both airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs. The initials V-Q are used in mathematical equations that calculate airflow and blood flow. The purpose of this test is to look for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs, called pulmonary embolus, that lower oxygen levels, cause shortness of breath, and sometimes is fatal. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A staining procedure in which sputum, tissue, or other material is exposed to fluorochrome dye and then washed with acid-alcohol. Organisms of the genus Mycobacterium and some others retain the dye and are said to be acid-fast. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antibodies formed by persons with mycoplasmal pnuemonia, which cause red blood cells to clump when chilled but not at room temperature or body temperature. |
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Definition
| A group of antibody tests, each for a specific febrile (fever-causing) infectious disease, used as a screening procedure in patients with fever of unknown origin (FUO). |
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Term
| ARTERIAL BLOOD GASES (ABGs) |
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Definition
| So-called because they are usually measured in a specimen of blood drawn from an artery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxygen and carbon dioxide, the principal gases dissolved in the blood. Sometimes call ABGs because they are usually measured in a specimen of blood drawn from an artery. Blood gas measurements include partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) and of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and oxygen saturation. From these data and the serum pH, it is possible to calculate the bicarbonate level. Alternatively, the base excess may be reported as the variation from a neutral blood pH. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sodium and chloride ions in the sweat, increased in persons with cystic fibrosis. |
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