all body fluid found ouside cells, including interstitual fluid, plasma, lymph, & cerebrospinal fluid.

Immune cells use the immune structures to monitor the extracellular fluid of the body as it filters through the nodes.

your body's response to an antigen

Protective portein produced by lymphocytes in response to presence of a foreign substance (antigen)

sbstance recognized as harmful to the host & stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual

"harmful substance in your body"

There are over 300 kinds of antigens, most of no concerns.

substances delivered from the breakdown of hemoglobin, produced by the liver, & excreted in the form of bile

Interference with the excretion of bile may lead to jaundice.

white blood cells which protect against infection (phagocytosis)

A.K.A. thrombocytes

the clotting factor in blood

erythocytes

leukocytes

platelets

an undifferentiated cell

Every blood cell starts with a stem cell.

hematopoiesis

hemopoiesis

the development & maturation of blood cells

a specialized iron-containing compound in RBCs which gives the erythrocytes their red color.

Hemoglobin carries oxygen to body tissues & exchanges it for carbon dioxide.

the first cell to appear at a site of injury or infection to begin the work of phagocytizing foreign material

Their importance in body protection cannot be underestimated.

Their granules stain with a neutral dye, giving them a lilac color.

contains granules that stain with a red acidic dye called eosin.

increase in # during allergic reactions & animal parasite infestations

contain granules that readily stain with a purple alkaline (basic) dye.

Basophils release histamines & heprin when tissue is damaged.

initiate the inflammatory process by increasing blood flow.

As the additional blood flows to the damaged area, it caries with it addition nutrients, immune substances, & immune cells that help in damage containment & tissue repair.

an anticoagulant & acts to prevent blood from clotting at the injury site.

include B cells (humoral immunity), T cells (cellular immunity), & natural killer cells (destructive without specificity).

B cells & T cells are responsible for immunity, they provide a specialized type of defense called the specific immune response.

the smallest formed elements found in the blood.

They are not actual cells, they are actually fragments of cells.

Platlets initiate blood clotting (hemostasis).

the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended

Plasma has proteins in it that are important for healing.

The plasma proteins include: albumins (healing), globins (protein), & fibrinogen (clotting).

a product of plasma when fibrinogen & clotting elements are removed from plasma

"fights infection & cancer usually matastisizes in the lymph nodes"

- maintains fluid balance of the body by drain extracellular fluid from tissue spaces & returning it to the blood.

- transports lipids away from the digestive organs for use by body tissue

- filters & removes unwanted or infectious products in lymph nodes.

resembles lymph nodes becuse it acts like a filter removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, & other infectious agents.

However, the spleen also destroys old RBCs & serves as a repository for healthy blood cells.

lymph gland (node)

lyphadenopathy - disease of the lymph nodes

lymph

lymphoid - resembling lymph

neutral

or

neither

abnormal condition

increase (primarily used with blood cells)

leukocytosis - abnormal increase in white (blood) cells

decrease, deficiency

erythropenia - abnormal decrease in red (blood cells)

formation

or

production

hemopoisesis - formation of blood

standing still

hemostasis - standing still of blood

large

macrocyte - large (red) cell

small

microcyte - small (red) cell

anemia

erythropenia

any condition where the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is deficient

S/S of anemia include: SOB (dyspnea), rapid heatbeat (tachycardia), weakness, palnes (pallor), low BP (hypotension).

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

AIDS

an infectious disease caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

The system becomes immunocompromised

Individuals who are less capable of battling infections because of an immune response that is not properly functioning

a life-threatening condition

S/S include: hives (uticaria), inflamation of the nose (rhinitis), SOB (dyspnea), itiching.

an abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body.

A major cause of edema is a decrease in the blood protein level (hypoproteinemia).

a condition of marked variation in the size of erythrocytes when observed on a blood smear

A blood smear would show large RBCs (macrocytes), small RBCs (microcytes), as well as normal-size RBCs (normocytes).

localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break or in severing of a blood vessel

"blood poisoning which usually cause low BP (hypotension)"

- serious, life-threatening bloodstream infection that may arise from other infections throughout the body, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, (UTI), meningitis, or infections of the bone or GI tract

- S/S include: chills, fever, tachycardia, tacypnea, confusion, hypotension, & ecchymoses.

- If left untreated, it may lead to sock & death.

blood test that measures the amount of antibodies in blood

commonly used as an indicator of immune statis

removal of the first nymph node (the sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas & the most likely to contain malignant cells.

prevents blood clot formation by inhibiting the synthesis or inactivating one or more clotting factors

These drugs prevent DVTs & postoperative clot formation & decrease the risk of stoke.

Heprin

Warfarin (Coumadin)

dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands

used to break apart, or lyse, thrombi, especially those that obstruct coronary, pulmonary, a cerebral arteries

Alteplase (Activase, t-PA)

Streptokinase (Streptase)