Term
| Use the words to characterize neurons |
|
Definition
nondividng
postmitotic
permanent cells |
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Term
| Tay-Sach disease is a neurodegeneration of __________ in the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does the acronym TORCH stand for? |
|
Definition
| Taxoplasmosis, other, Rubella, CMV, Herpes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cephalic end of neural tube fails to close, resulting in absence of large part of brain and skull |
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Term
| Describe these three types of spina bifida: myelomeningocele, meningocele, spina bifida occulta. |
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Definition
-myelomeningocele: protrusion of meninges and a portion of the spinal cord through open vertebral column and spinal canal
-meningocele: protrusion of meninges
-spina bifida occulta: small gap in spine, no opening in back |
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Term
| What is the difference between vasogenic edema and cytotoxic edema? |
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Definition
vasogenic: caused by disruption of blood-brain barrier
cytotoxic: in response to injury from a hypoxic/ischemic insult or exposure to some toxins |
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Term
| ___________/___________ within ventricles secretes CSF. CSF fills ___________ space, cushioning the brain and spinal cord. ___________/___________ resorb CSF |
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Definition
choroid plexus
subarachnoid
arachnoid granulations |
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Term
| What is hydrocephalus? What does it cause before and after suture closure? |
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Definition
-accumulation of excessive CSF within the ventricular system due to impaired CSF flow or resorption
-before suture closure: enlargement of head
-after: expansion of ventricles |
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Term
| What is it called when increased pressure (CSF volume, edema, hemorrhage) can displace tissue across dural barriers in skull or through openings in the skull? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is a stroke? what are 3 possible direct causes? |
|
Definition
any abnormality of the brain caused by a pathologic process involving blood vessels
-thrombotic occlusion of vessels
-embolic occlusion of vessels
-vascular rupture |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major possible consequences of stroke? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What is the usual cause of an epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
-rupture of middle meningeal artery
-rupture of bridging veins
-ruptured berry aneurysm |
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Term
| Give the name for an infection of the: skull, dura, subarachnoid space, brain, intraventricular space |
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Definition
-osteomyelitis
-pachymeningitis
-meningitis
-encephalitis
-ventriculitis |
|
|
Term
| What are two ways bacterial infections can spread to the brain? |
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Definition
| hematogenous rout or by septic emboli |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common immune disease involving the nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a demyelinating disorder of the CNS
-decreased nerve function from initial inflammation of the myelin sheath covering the nerves of the brain and spinal cord, with eventual scarring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Is there a genetic component to alzheimer dz? |
|
Definition
| yes, but 75% of cases are sporadic |
|
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Term
| 10% of familial AD exhibits ___________/___________ inheritance and 90% exhibits ___________ inheritance |
|
Definition
autosomal dominant
multifactorial |
|
|
Term
| What does current evidence suggest causes the neuronal dysfunction and death observed in AD? |
|
Definition
| defects in the metabolism of the amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) |
|
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Term
| AD is a central neurodegenerative disorder, especially of the ___________ neurons of the hippocampus, neurocortical association area, and other limbic structures |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 4 neuropathological changes often seen in AD? |
|
Definition
-cortical atrophy
-extracellular neuritic plaques
-intraneuronal neuro-fibrillary tangles
-amyloid deposits in the walls of cerebral arteries |
|
|
Term
| What is the amyloid beta precursor protein (APP): What is its job and what happens when it is cleaved abnormally? |
|
Definition
-transmembrane protein subject to endoproteolytic cleavage to produce peptides with neurotrohic and neuroprotective functions
-when cleaved abnormally it makes AB42, a neurotoxic form of amyloid found in AD patients |
|
|
Term
| death from AD usually results from what? |
|
Definition
| malnutrition, infection, or heart disease |
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Term
| Except in families segregating an autosomal dominant mutation, patients with dementia can be definitively diagnosed with AD only by ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for AD |
|
Definition
| the most decrease in rate of cognitive decline is seen when pts are treated early in the disease with agents that increase cholinergic activity |
|
|
Term
| what are the most important risk factors for AD? |
|
Definition
| old age, family history, female gender, and down syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common movement disorder in the elderly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pathophys behind parkinson dz? |
|
Definition
| decreased number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantial nigra |
|
|
Term
| what are some motor symptoms associated with parkinson? |
|
Definition
tremor
rigidity
bradykinesia
postural instability |
|
|
Term
| what is the most effective parkinson treatment? |
|
Definition
| L-DOPA, but it doesn't significantly alter the progression of the dz |
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