• mycosis - fungus invades the human tissue
• mycotoxicosis - human gets sick off of eating the metabolites of a fungus
• mycetismus - human gets sick from eating a fungus
• mycoallergies - sensitivity of the immune system to fungal spores or metabolites

1. superficial mycoses - infection on the shaft of the hair or the dead outer layer of the skin
2. cutaneous mycoses - infection on the skin hair or nails
3. subcutaneous mycoses - localized infection in the tissues of a human
4. systemic mycoses - deep infection (dimorphic fungal pathogens)

• they have aggregations of vesicles at growing points that contain chitin and PM materials.
• vesicles also contain exoenzymes to digest outside material

difference between fungi physiology and animals?

9!

1. chitin biosynthesis for CW
2. 1,3 - Beta glucans in CW
3. Mannoproteins in CW
4. ergosterol instead of cholesterol in PM
5. lysine biosynthesis is different
6. tubulin protein different for MT's
7. elongation factors 
8. small nuclei with little repetitive DNA
9. no dissolution of nuclear envelope in mitosis

• not dependent on light; grow in the dark
• can grow in all directions
• can invade the interior of substrates

saprophytes?

mutualists

commensals

parasites

• live on dead organic material, recycle nutrients
• +/+ - both organisms benefit (lichens, mycchorizae)
• +/o neither is harmed, one benefits, gain in environmental position
• +/-  harm the host/benefit (host diatoms to humans)

• disease in humans
• food contamination/rot
• ruin crops
• used in making foods (CitA, cheese), antibiotics, steroids

• penicillin, sir alexander fleming
• one gene, one enzyme using neurospora, beadle and tatutm
• lee harwell, mitosis gene in S. cerevisiae

• spores 
• (sexual and asexual)
• spread over a wide area
• can remain dormant
• genetic plasticity
• adaptive to environment

plasmogeny

karyogamy

gametangia

homothallic

heterothallic

sporangia

conidia

• protoplasm fusion
• nuclear fusion
• sex organs
• self-fertile
• self-sterile
• asexual spores borne internally
• asexual spores borne externally

1. haploid cycle
2. diploid cycle
3. dikaryotic cycle
4. haploid-diploid cycle
5. haploid-dikaryotic cycle
6. haploid w/ restricted dikaryon

• anamorph = asexual state
• teleomorph = sexual state
• many fungi have both states, but most have one or the other

1. chytridiomycota
2. basidiomycota
3. glomeromycota
4. zygomycota
5. ascomycota
6. deuteromycetes

• sexual and asexual spores motile with posterior flagella
• frog chytrid
• account for the dying off of frogs

1. zygospores - thick walled sexual spores used for resting
2. asexual spores are borne internally in a sporangium

• ascus - sexual spores borne internally in a sac
• asexual spores borne externally as conidia

• reproduction unclear, but form endomycorrhizae

• sexual spores borne externally on a club shaped structure called a basidium
• usually no asexual spores

• no known sexual state
• usually reproduce asexually via conidia

classified organism by spore groups.

it separated orgs taht were related and grouped unrelated organisms

1. blastomycetes - yeast forms
2. coelomycetes - asexual spores borne in or on a specialized spore structure (pycnidia or acervuli)
3. hyphomycetes - asexual spores not associated with pycnidia or acervuli

1. cryptococcales - budding yeats with ascomycetous affinities (candida)
2. sporobolomycetales - ballistosporic yeats form conidia taht are forcibly discharged - basidiomycetous affinities (bullera)

2 types of yeast reproduction

• budding - small outgrowth is formed on the parental cell
• fission - splitting of a cell into two daughter cells

1. Sphaeropsidales - produce conidia in pycnidia
2. melanconiales - produce acervuli (dense mats of hyphae embedded in host tissue and bearing conidiophores)

1. hyphomycetales - conidiophores scattered, mostly single
2. stillbellas - synnemata or coremia (conidiophores apressed 
3. tuberculariales - sporodochia

1. moniliaceae - hyaline or brightly colored hyphae and/or spores
2. dematiaceae - dark colored hyphae and/or spores

• blastic - budded conidiation involves blowing out and de novo growth of part of the hypha
• thallic - conversion of a part of the hypha into a conidium.

• holoblastic
• enteroblastic

• parasexual cycle - formation of transient diploid, crossing over can take place, unstable diploid breaks apart into haploid.
• new combination results!

• in vitro activity and in vivo activity are not strongly correlated
• drug cant get to the spot of infection in a large enough concentration without being toxic to the rest of the body