Term
| When/Where did the audiotape come from? |
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Definition
| 1940's in Germany, came to US after WWII enabling multitrack recording |
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Term
| When did audio-cassettes become available for consumers and what was the result |
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Definition
| Mid 1960's, decreased sale of record sales due to mix tapes being made but increased sale of blank audiotapes |
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Term
| What does CD stand for/hit the market/when did CD sales double LP sales? |
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Definition
| 1983, Compact disc, by 1987 CD sales were double the amount of LP sales |
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Term
| What forms of music did rock and roll incorporate to make this new sound? |
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Definition
| Vocal and instrumental traditions of pop with rhythm and blues, country, black, blues, gospel, with white influences of country, folk, and pop vocals |
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Term
| What social, cultural, economic factors contributed to the growth of rock and roll? |
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Definition
| black migration, he growth of youth culture, and the beginnings of racial integration |
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Term
| What old distinction and traditions did rock and roll begin to blur in the 1950’s? |
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Definition
| between high and low culture, masculinity and femininity, the country and the city, the North and the South, and the sacred and the secular |
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Term
| What producer and what company championed soul music in the 1960’s? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did punk rock and grunge rock do to rock and roll in the 1970’s and 1990’s respectively? |
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Definition
punk rock: helped other bands start out and become a success
Grunge rock: offered departure from the theatrics and extravageanzas of glam rock |
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Term
| • How has rap music redrawn the musical lines of the 1990’s? What is some of the controversy surrounding rap music? |
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Definition
| graffiti art, rapping, breakdancing, street clothes, poetry; lyrics degrade women, applaud violence and agree with homophobia, gangsta rap creates violence |
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Term
| How much money does an artist receive from a single CD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the controversy with MP3 and the spread of music over the internet? |
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Definition
| With stealing music online and through the internet it makes it difficult for artists and companies to make money and keep track of their music |
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Term
| What music forms helped originate rhythme and blues/ rocknroll |
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Definition
| blues music came to the north with influences from african americans spiritually, and work based songs, electric guitar contributed as well |
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Term
| How were black artists and their intellectual property treated in early rock and roll |
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Definition
| White artists covered black artists songs buying rights for little money and not giving profits they deserve |
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Term
| What is the trend in music company ownership? |
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Definition
| Consistent/powerful oligopoly, enormous influence in what music gains worldwide distribution and acceptance |
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Term
| Where does term radio come from? |
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Definition
| army coined word radio, derived from "radius"- spoke of a wheel or ray light because transmitted sound travel out in all directions form a center hub like spokes of a wheel |
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Term
| What is a hertz/where did name come from? |
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Definition
| German Heinrich Hertz created crude disk that permitted electrical sparks to leap across a small gap. FIRST RECORDED TRANSMISSION |
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Term
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Definition
| SI unit of frequency, one cycle per second |
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Term
| What did marconi do/why famous? |
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Definition
| He received a patent on wireless telegraphy in 1896. He has been cited as the “father of radio.” He was essentially the inventor of radio |
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Term
| Who was Tesla? What did he do and when? |
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Definition
| technically invented the radio first in 1943 |
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Term
| Reginald Fessenden/his contribution |
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Definition
| First voice broadcast, worked for GE, improved wireless signals |
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Term
| Lee Deforest/nickname/invention |
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Definition
| Called himself "father of radio" invented wireless telephony and a way to amplify sound, developed AUDION |
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Term
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Definition
| triode vaccum tube that detected radio signals and amplify's them |
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Term
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Definition
| created first lasting network of radio stations NBC, in 1926, connected country through long lines |
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Term
| Frank conrad/contribution |
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Definition
| first disc jockey, turned home into first radio station KDKA |
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Term
| When/who/station made first broadcast and when |
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Definition
| 1906 on christmas eve, reginald fessenden made first voice broadcast, on KDKA radio station |
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Term
| Who wanted regulation in mid 1920's? |
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Definition
| Everyone did, so congress passed Radio Act of 1927, liscenees dont own channels but must operate to serve public need, This created FCC |
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Term
| Who formed/headed NBC, how many networks? |
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Definition
| David Darnoff, owned 28 networks, RCA owned most of it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What was payley's idea about providing programs/what type did he provide? |
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Definition
| "Option time" CBS pays affiliates for portion of time, sold ad space and sponsorships, also created soap operas and comedy series |
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Term
| Who was Edwin R. Armstrong/invention? |
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Definition
| Developed FM radio, now radio can pick up distant signal, Works on major problem of electrical interference. STATIC FREE |
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Term
| How was radio affected by TV in the 40's/50's |
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Definition
| Sales decreased drastically, music/rocknroll/portable radio saved the radio |
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Term
| How did the Telecommunications Act of 1996 affect radio? |
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Definition
| Eliminated most ownership restrictions, large conglomerates (clear channel/CBS) control majority of radio stations |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of radio today? |
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Definition
| Satellite radio, HD radio, Internet Radio, Podcasting |
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Term
| What is a radio format? What are the top 3 radio formats? |
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Definition
| Formula Driven radio: management NOT Djs controlled music, (news/talk/information, country, other adult contemporary |
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Term
| What is NPR? How is NPR affected by government and other commercial broadcasters? |
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Definition
| National Public Radio-Noncommercial network, for tradition and experimentation |
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Term
| What happened with the invention of transistors? |
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Definition
| Allowed radio to go in cars, office, beac when tv's couldnt. |
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Term
| What's the most widely listened to radio format today? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where was the first known advertisement? |
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Definition
| In 3000 BC in ancient babylon and Italy near Mount Vesuvius |
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Term
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Definition
| written form of communication which is typically designed to be posted in public place, conveys information, Newspapers ect |
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Term
| What happened with advertising at the turn of the 20th century? |
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Definition
| • The early 1900s saw the formation of several watchdog organizations. Advertising began to sell a way of life |
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Term
| How did department stores contribute to advertising and consumption in the early 1900s? |
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Definition
| Most advertising went to large stores and consumption |
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Term
| What is brand distinction |
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Definition
| companies package products in small amounts to differentiate themselves from the generic products sold in large bins and barrels |
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Term
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Definition
| Where a company would purchase all or part of a TV program or all pages of a magazine |
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Term
| What types of social changes did advertising contribute to the U.S.? |
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Definition
*product directed to consumer directed
*promoted technological advances
*encouraged economic growth |
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Term
| What government organization watches over the advertising industry? |
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Definition
| FTC federal trade commission who monitor advertising to stop misleading |
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Term
| What happened with television advertisers in the 1950’s? What influences did the visual culture exert on advertising? |
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Definition
| Advertising intruded on daily life, subliminal messages, ect |
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Term
| what is product differentiation? |
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Definition
| brand-name packaged goods represents the single biggest triumph of advertising, most ads not effective in short run but associate quality in long run |
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Term
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Definition
| The phrase that attempts to sell a product by capturing its essence in words. |
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Term
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Definition
| the earliest type of market research, mainly studied and documented audience members’ age, gender, occupation, ethnicity, education, and income |
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Term
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Definition
| research approach that attempts to categorize consumers according to their attitudes, beliefs, interests, and motivations |
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Term
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Definition
| Values and lifestyles-using questionnaires, VALS researchers measured psychological factors and divided consumers into types.VALS research assumes that |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which a brand is recognized by potential customers, and is correctly associated with a particular produc |
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Term
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Definition
| approach aimed at maintaining the current market share of a brand or product, by making ongoing but limited investment in its marketing, especially in stagnant or low growth markets |
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Term
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Definition
| over time, manufacturers came to realize if products were distinctive and became associated with quality and value, consumers would ask for them by name |
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Term
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Definition
| a strategy for critiquing advertising that provides insights into how ads work on a cultural level |
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Term
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Definition
| ssociates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation |
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Term
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Definition
| often links new brands in a product line to eccentric or simple regional places rather than to images conjured up by multinational conglomerates |
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Term
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Definition
| in which a product is endorsed by a well-known person |
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Term
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Definition
| associates a product with simplicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to persuade consumers that using a product will maintain or elevate their social status |
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Term
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Definition
| Play on insecurity, pointing out that only a specific product could relieve embarrassing personal hygiene problems and restore a person to social acceptability |
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Term
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Definition
| exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product |
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Term
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Definition
| : creating product-name recognition by being annoying or obnoxious |
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Term
| What are the types of fallacies of advertising? |
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Definition
| causal, bandwagon, either/or, hasty generalization, ad-hominem (personal attack), red-herring (irrelevant facts or arguments, distractions), misplaced authority, non-sequetir (argument doesn’t follow) |
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Term
| What do visible character codes of advertising tell us about characters/stereotypes? |
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Definition
| Age, gender, race, height, weight, physical appeal, dress |
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Term
| Why do ads use stereotypes? How does a good ad use stereotypes? |
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Definition
| • To appeal to a certain demographic. By associating products with nationalism, happy families, success at school or work, natural scenery, or humor. Appeal to a certain population |
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Term
| How are consumers generally meant to respond to ads, emotionally or intellectually? |
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Definition
| to respond emotionally. The stories offer comfort about our deepest desires and conflicts |
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Term
| What is semiotics? What are some semiotic codes? |
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Definition
•Using signs and symbols in relationship to the whole which help us make meaning.
•Color, intensity, product placemen |
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Term
| Maslows hierarchy of needs/how ads add in |
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Definition
Self-Actualization: achieving individual potential
•Esteem: self-esteem and esteem from others
•Belonging: love, affection, being a part of groups
•Safety: shelter, removal from danger
Physiological: health, food, sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| •Ads featuring hyperbole and exaggeration, a certain amount is okay. |
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Term
| How did advertising impact newspapers? Historically and present day? |
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Definition
| 1900s more than half the space in daily papers was devoted to advertising. Recently, advertising revenue declined from a peak of $49 billion in 2005 to an estimated $22.3 billion by 2014--a loss of 44% as car, real estate, and help-wanted ads fell significantly. For many papers, fewer ads meant smaller papers, not more room for articles |
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Term
| What's the difference between a mega-agency and a boutique agency? |
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Definition
• Mega agencies: large ad firms that formed by merging several agencies and that maintain regional offices worldwide.
• Boutique agencies: that devote their talents to only a handful of select clients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Short videos or other content that (marketers hope) quickly gains widespread attention as users share it with friends online, or by word of mouth. |
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Term
| What is product placement? |
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Definition
| Strategically placing ads or buying space in--movies, TV shows, comic books, and most recently, video games, Blogs, and music videos--so products appear as part of a story’s set environment. |
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Term
| What is the issue about excessive commercialism? |
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Definition
| Commercial Alert has been working to “limit excessive commercialism in society” by informing the public about the ways that advertising has crept out of its “proper sphere.” Commercial Alert has aimed to strengthen non-commercial culture and limit the amount of corporate influence on publicly elected government bodies |
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Term
| What are some of the major issues involved in political advertising? |
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Definition
| Can serious info be displayed so fast, attack adds ruining others chances? |
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