Nitrates

Nitrates dilate the arteries to the heart (this increases the blood flow to the heart) and relieves chest pain and discomfort (agina) ......relieves agina, prevents agina

                                Side effects of nitrates may include:

• Feeling of pulsating fullness in the head (most common side effect); can also cause headache.
• Drop in blood pressure, which can cause dizziness.
• Burning sensation under the tongue (with sublingual nitroglycerin).

Beta Blockers

BB makes me LOL

• decrease myocardial contractility, HR, SVR
• Indicated for patients with MI or unstable angina
• Block the release of renin which causes decrease in vasoconstriction
• CAN CAUSE WHEEZING-DONT USE WITH ASTHMATICS

ACE Inhibitors

ACE is a real Pril

• causes vasodilation by inhibiting conversionof angiotensin I to angiotensin II
• Decreases afterload and myocardial oxygen consumption
• side effect- cough

 ARB

• Angiotensin Receptor II blockers
• Reduce afterload
• drugs ending artan

 h-BNP

• used to treat acute heart failure by causing natriuresis (loss of sodium and vasodilation)
• BNP levels will rise while on these medications

  Calcium Channel Blocker

• CC is such a DIP
• causes coronary and peripheral dilation
• reduces HR and contractility
• Promote vasodilation
• novasc, and -pine medications

 Central-alpha agonists

• reduce peripheral vascular resistance a
• decrease blood pressure by inhibiting the reuptake of norephinephrine
• Clonidine -medication

 Inotrophic Drugs

• used to increase contractility and improve cardiac output
• Digoxin, dobutamine

 Aspirin

• platelet inhibitor
• inhibits vasocontriction
• antiplatelet effect starts within 1 hour of use

 Morphine

• reduces anxiety
• relieves pain by decreasing oxygen demand and relaxing smooth muscle

 Statins

• inhibit synthesis of cholesterol in liver
• most effective at lowering LDLs and Trigs
• Dont use with active liver disease
• Watch for breakdown of skeletal muscle

 Fibric Acid

• decreases hepatic (liver) production of and secretion of VLDL and reduces Trigs
• Fenofibrates

 Niacin

• interferes with LDL and VLDL synthesis
• Flushing is a side effect-take aspirin or NSAID 30 mins to 1 hour prior to dose

• dyspnea
• orthopnea
• paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
• pulmonary congestion
• tachycardia

• jugular vein distention
• positive hepatojugular reflux
• hepatomegaly

 Mitral valve prolapse

• The valve between the Left atrium and Left Ventricle (the mitral valve) does not close properly. With mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve's flaps (leaflets) have extra tissue, bulging (prolapsing) like a parachute into their left atrium each time the heart contracts.

 Mitral Stenosis

• Is a condition in which the heart's mitral valve is narrowed
• This abnormal valve doesn't open properly, blocking blood flow coming into your left ventricle
• The main cause of mitral valve stenosis is an infection called rheumatic fever
•  Sign and Symptoms-Heavy coughing, sometimes with blood-tinged sputum

 Mitral Regurgitation

• Happens when your heart's mitral valve doesn't close tightly during systole (contraction), which allows blood to flow backward in your heart.

 Aortic Valve Stenosis

• occurs when the heart's aortic valve narrows
• When the valve narrows it obstructs left ventricle outflow during systole.
• considered a disease of wear and tear

 Aortic Regurgitation

• a condition that occurs when your heart's aortic valve doesn't close tightly
• allows some of the blood that was just pumped out of your heart's main pumping chamber (left ventricle) to leak back into it.

 Coronary Artery Disease

• Develops when your coronary arteries — the major blood vessels that supply your heart with blood, oxygen and nutrients — become damaged or diseased.
• Cholesterol-containing deposits (plaque) on your arteries are usually to blame for coronary artery disease.
• Signs and symptoms-Chest pain (angina),Shortness of breath,Heart attack

 Mitral Valve Prolapse

Test and Drug therapy

• Echocardiogram, Chest X-ray,Electrocardiogram (ECG), Stress test,Cardiac catheterization
• Beta blockers, Aspirin, Prescription anticoagulants (blood thinners)
• Surgery may sometimes be required-Valve repair,Valve replacement

1. Decreased Cardiac Output

2. Excess Fluid Volume

3. Acute Pain

4. Ineffective Tissue Perfusion