Term
| What three ways to cells respond to injury? |
|
Definition
-Mild- ride it out
-persistent/sublethal-adapt
-severe/prolonged -cell death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| External damage leading to cell death |
|
|
Term
| What is hydropic swelling |
|
Definition
| cell swells due to malfunction of Na/K pump because water goes where salt is. |
|
|
Term
| What usually causes hydropic swelling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of intracellular accumulations? |
|
Definition
lg amts of normal body substances
abnormal exogenous products
extra normal components (faster than used) |
|
|
Term
| 3 causes of intracellular accumulations of extra normal stuff? |
|
Definition
starvation
diabetes mellitus
disruption of hepatic metabolism of lipids (alcoholism) |
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|
Term
| What is Icterus (jaundice?) |
|
Definition
| accumulation of billiruben |
|
|
Term
| Examples of endogenous & exogenous pigment accumulations? |
|
Definition
End:jaundice
Exog: carbon, lead or tatoos |
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|
Term
| 5 types of cellular adaptations |
|
Definition
atrophy
hypertropy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell shrinkage
-usually due to less demand
Causes disuse & denervation less nutrition ischedmia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loss of blood flow
-no nutrition & no 0xygen |
|
|
Term
What is hypertrophy?
Causes? |
|
Definition
Increase in cell size and mass
-increase in cell demand
adaptive to mainin function (thicken) |
|
|
Term
| Where is hypertrophy common |
|
Definition
| skeletal and heart muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase in cell #
-usually due to hormones |
|
|
Term
What is Metaplasia?
Causes? |
|
Definition
-one cell type raplaced with another
-same cell group
inflammationn & irritation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disorderly growth
-precursor to cancer
common in resp tract and cervix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coagulative necrosis
liquefactive necrosis
fat necrosis
Caseous necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What is coagulative necrosis? |
|
Definition
ichemic cell injury
loss of plasma membrane integrity
ex:diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What is Liquefactive Necrocsis? |
|
Definition
quick disslution of cells
common in brain tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is caseous necrosis?
Example? |
|
Definition
loss of cell structure, looks like cottage cheese
-lung tissue in tb |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a bunch of necrotic tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
affected area becomes dry and shrinks
-brown or black color
slow spread
has like of demarkation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
area is cold, swollen & pulsless
-black under lesion
liquifaction, smells
Viagra example |
|
|
Term
What is gas gangrene
what gas is produced? |
|
Definition
caused by clostridium bacterium.
common in trauma & compound fractures
bacterial toxins dissolve membranes
Hydrogen sulfide gas produced |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of hypoxia? |
|
Definition
inadequate oxygen in air
respiratory disease
anemia
edema |
|
|
Term
| What happens in hypoxia to a cell? |
|
Definition
cell looses power
begins anaerobic metabolism
pH falls
Na/K pumps stop |
|
|
Term
| What happens in Nutritional cell injury? |
|
Definition
can have excess or deficiencies
can also have total deficit (starvation) |
|
|
Term
| What is infection and immunologic cell injury? |
|
Definition
due to biologic agents
-viruses, bacteria, parasites ect..
man injury mechanisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
air, water, gases, ect..
ex: nitrates in bacon give u cancer
Also in drugs (recreational & theraputic) |
|
|
Term
| Physical & Mechanic Injury |
|
Definition
body impact
temp extremes
hot-coagulates blood, denatures protiens
cold- ice crystals form vaso constriction
cells explode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4th degree burns - lightning
disrupt neural & cardiac impulses
radiation injury |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the functions of skin? |
|
Definition
protection
temp regulation
cutaneous sensation
blood reservoir
secretion |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 barriers of skin protection |
|
Definition
chemical
physical
biological |
|
|
Term
| What does the acid mantle do? |
|
Definition
| inhibits bactertial growth |
|
|
Term
| What is human defensin do |
|
Definition
| produced by skin, punches holes in bacteria |
|
|
Term
| what are some chemical barriers of the skin? |
|
Definition
acid mantle
human defensin
cathelicidins
melanin |
|
|
Term
| In what ways is the skin a physical/ Mechanical Barrier? |
|
Definition
skin is continuous
water resistant
hard keratinized cells |
|
|
Term
| Whare are some of the biological barriers of skin? |
|
Definition
langerans cells
macrophages
DNA |
|
|
Term
| How does skin regulate temp? |
|
Definition
sweat glands, even in low temps
evaporation cools body surface
constriction/dialation of dermal blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What things aid in cutaneous skin sensation? |
|
Definition
cutaneous sensory receptors
messiners corpuscles
merkel discs
pacinian receptors
hair follicle receptors
nerve endings |
|
|
Term
| Whare are some metabolic functions of the skin? |
|
Definition
convert cholesterol into Vit D
Keratinocytes disarm chemicals, activate steroids |
|
|
Term
| If u have thick skin what part of your skin is making it thick? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the epidermis made of? |
|
Definition
| Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What can be found in epidermis? |
|
Definition
keratinocytes
melanocytes
langerhans cells
Merkels cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4-5 layers of the epidermis? |
|
Definition
stratum germanitavum (basale)
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosom
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum (0nly thick skin) |
|
|
Term
| What is the startum germanitavum? |
|
Definition
single layer of columnar or cuboidal cells
anchored to dermis
mitosis occurs here |
|
|
Term
| What is the Stratum Spinosum? |
|
Definition
spiny or pricle shaped cells
become flattened toward surface
mitotic layer
anchored to desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is the stratum granulosum? |
|
Definition
3-5 layers of flattened cells
contain lamellated cells for waterproofing
epidermis cells die in this layer |
|
|
Term
| What is the stratum Lucidum? |
|
Definition
translucent layer of cells
cytoplasm has keratohyalyin |
|
|
Term
| what is the stratum corneum? |
|
Definition
dead, scaly horny cells
cytoplasms gone
cells constantly flaked off |
|
|
Term
what are langerhans cells?
What are Merkel Cells? |
|
Definition
part of immune system
sensory receptors for touch |
|
|
Term
What is the Dermis?
what are its two layers? |
|
Definition
strong flexible connective tissue
cells similar to areolar tissue
papillary (superficial)
Reticular (deep) |
|
|
Term
| What is in the dermis papillary layer? |
|
Definition
areolar connective tissue
capillar loops, nerve endings , meissners corpuscles
epidermal ridges |
|
|
Term
| What is the reticular layer of the dermis? |
|
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue
cleavage lines
flexure lines( dermal folds) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deep to epidermis and dermis
made of superficial fascia
allows skin mobiliity |
|
|
Term
| what determines skin color? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is hair,
what is it made up of |
|
Definition
elastic keratinized threads from epidermis
shaft, and root surrounded by hair follicle |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of hair? |
|
Definition
medulla-central core
Cortex- surrounds medula
Cuticle-outer layer interlock iwth cuticle of hair follicle |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of a hair follicle? |
|
Definition
hair bulb- expanded deep end
papilla- indent at basal end
papilla has capillary bed and hair follicle receptor |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the pilosebaceous unit? |
|
Definition
| follicle and muscle and glands |
|
|
Term
Hair follicle
what is the connective tissue root sheath?
Glossy membrane? |
|
Definition
outer layer derived from dermis
seperates outer from inner sheath |
|
|
Term
Hair follicle
what is the epithelial rooth sheath?
hair matrix?
arrector pilli? |
|
Definition
derived from epidermis
above papili
smooth muscle making hair stand up |
|
|
Term
What is vellus hair?
What is terminal hair? |
|
Definition
Vellus is pale fine ahir
coarse long, puberty hair |
|
|
Term
| What are eccrine sweat glands? |
|
Definition
all over body
thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
| waht are Apocrine Sweat Glands |
|
Definition
axillary and gential areas
larger
ducts empty in to hair follicles
true sweat with fatty substances
no oder but bacteria eats it |
|
|
Term
| what are sebacious glands? |
|
Definition
simple alveolar glands
everhwere hair is
secreted into hair follicle or pore on skin |
|
|
Term
what are ceruminous glands?
what are mamary glands? |
|
Definition
apocrine glands in externa ear canal- ear wax
mam glands secret milk |
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