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Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
Pathogenicity: The quality or state of being pathogenic :)
48
Medical
Undergraduate 2
03/03/2009

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Term
define VIRULENCE FACTOR
Definition
factors that enhance the ability of bateria to cause disease
Term
what do NORMAL FLORA do? wat ah zeh guht fer? 3 things.
Definition
1.) produce vitamins (e.g. Vit. K)
2.) Help digest food
3.) protective function
Term
Distinguish between a sign and a symptom, you freaking freak face.
Definition
Sign=OBJECTIVE evidence or manifestation of an illness or disordered function of the body
Symptom=1--SUBJECTIVE impressions from the patient
2-- any preceptible change in the body or its functions that indicates disease
Term
What are the two major risk factors for disease. DISEASE RISK FACTORS
Definition
1.) bacterial strain
2.) inoculum size
Term
define INOCULUM. what is a SMALL inoculum vs. a LARGE inoculum?
Definition
Pathogen you are being exposed to.
Small= <200 cells
Large= 10 to the 8th ---a million cells or more!
Term
name the six steps involved in the chain of infection...start anywhere but GO IN ORDER
Definition
1.) infectious agent
2.) reservoir
3.) portal of exit
4.) mode of transmission
5.) portal of entry
6.) susceptible host--> back to infectious agent
Term
list 4 of the barriers to bacterial infection...what's protecting yo ass?
Definition
1.) skin
2.) mucus
3.) ciliated epithelium
4.) secretions with antibacterial properties
Term
Name sterile sites of the body
Definition
blood, CSF, urine, synovial fluid, pleural fluid
Term
Patients with Cystic Fibrosis have a reduction in function of......
Definition
ciliary mucoepithelial cells
Term
when a normally sterile site is colonized...what does this indicate?
Definition
that there is a DEFECTIVE natural defense mechanism. AKA something is wrong. RED FLARES.
Term
the trachea or windpipe is ____ in nature.
Definition
secreory. (it posesses many exocrine glands)
Term
where do ciliated and mucous cells predominate.
Definition
trachea or windpipe
Term
goblet mucosal cells are covered by what?
Definition
Goblet mucosal cells are covered by microvilli.
(hint: think Harry Potter's GOBLET of fire-covered by MICROscopic things from everyone sticking their anxious little paws all over it. competitive bitches, get your own goblet!)
Term
What do goblet cells produce? Why?
Definition
Produce mucous--secreted through microvilli, so that TINY PARTICLES PRESENT IN INHALED AIR ARE TRAPPED.
Term
Describe the function of CILIATED CELLS! [stat!]
Definition
ciliated cells move the mucous upwards and out of the respiratory tract, thus cleaning the pathway.
Term
How are the human lungs effective scrubbers?
Definition
The lungs eliminate inhaled microbes. How do they do this you may ask? In the tiny alveoli sacs of the lungs, single microbes are quickly ingested by the activated neutrophils.
Term
define ADHESIONS
Definition
bacterial ability to bind to specific receptors on tissue surfaces
Term
define FIMBRIAE, and what is another name for it?
Definition
hairlike appendanges on many gram negative bacili. AKA pili/pilus
Term
what is LIPOTEICHOIC ACID?
Definition
Component of gram positive cell wall, and it is linked to that is linked to the cytoplasmic membrane
Term
define BIOFILM
Definition
an ASSEMBLAGE OF MICROBIAL CELLS that is irreversibly associated with a surface and enclosed in a MATRIX OF PRIMARILY POLYSACCHARIDE MATERIAL.
Term
give examples of where BIOFILMS may form.
Definition
living tissues, indwelling mechanical decives, industrial or potable water system piping, or natural aqautic systems.
Term
what do biofilms facilitate?
Definition
COLONIZATION
Term
once bacteria enter the _______ system, they can basically reach all parts of the body.
Definition
circulatory system. Don't want icky bacteria in me blood.
Term
bacteria is better able to defend itself, for example in the mouth, if it has biofilm ____________. (hint: more differnt types)
Definition
biofilm MULTICELLULARITY makes it easier for the bacteria to defend itself.
Term
This card is easy! just glaze eyes over answer! these are organisms commonly found on biofilms.
Definition
candida albicans, coagulase-negative staphylococci, enterococcus spp, klebesiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphlococcus aureus
Term
What does fermentation create?
Definition
acids, gas, and other toxic substances. Degenerative enzymes released by many bacteria...breaks down host tissues as food for the bacteria and promoting their spread.
Term
name an organism that is both normal flora to the GI tract and an opportunistic pathogen. (hint: it's mostly horrible when in anaerobic environment)
Definition
Clostridium perfringens--> the causative agent of gangrene.
Term
C. perfringens releases which degradative enzymes? how is it harmful?
Definition
phospholipase C, collagenase, protease, hyaluronidase. They destory tissue with the addition of several TOXINS, ACID, and GAS from BACTERIAL METABOLISM
Term
what are the degradative enzymes that staphlococci modifies tissue environments with?
Definition
hyaluronidase, fibrinolysin, lipases.
Term
what is lysis?
Definition
The destruction of cells.
Term
bacterial by-products yield degradative enzymes and cause what?
Definition
lysis of tissue cells and initiate system response. The system response is generally FEVER
Term
what is food poisoning, essentially?
Definition
a PRE-FORMED TOXIN. so toxin made prior to entering the body.
Term
describe CYTOKINES
Definition
produced by host when protective systems are activated. The presence of bacterial cell wall triggers a systemic response.
Term
which type of organism produces endotoxins?
Definition
gram NEGATIVE organisms (only gram negative) produce endotoxins
Term
what type(s) of organisms produce EXOTOXINS?
Definition
BOTH gram NEGATIVE and gram POSITIVE produce exotoxins
Term
what is a CYTOLYTIC ENZYME? **hint: remember the definition of -lysis, which is part of this word :)
Definition
= an alpha toxin (phospholipidase C) produced by C. perfringens--breaks down membrane phospholipds resulting in the rupture of the cell. ouchy, ruptured cells!
Term
name the two types of exotoxins!
Definition
A toxins
B toxins
Term
what are the roles of the A and B exotoxins?
Definition
B- binds to a special receptor (think B, BIND)
so that...
A subunit can transfer into the cell (think A, ADDED to the cell)
Term
Superantigens, define.
Definition
Organisms that cause a non-specific SYSTEMIC activation of the immune response. this is a LIFE THREATENING autoimmune response. e.g. staphylococcus aureus: certain strains cause toxic shock syndrome
Term
to emphasize:
when we think of superantigens+staphylococcus aureus

our thought process should scream:
Definition
TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
Term
neonatal tetanus: define/describe
Definition
[image]
Term
what can tetanus do in adults?
Definition
muscle spasms in the back and the legs are rigid...these muscle spasms can actually BREAK bones.
Term
What happens with Rheumatic Fever?
Definition
The body mistakes its own heart tissue for STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES-->causing damage to the heart itself.
Term
What happens with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
Definition
these immune complexes clog the glomeruli in the kidneys.
Term
what are the three major antibacterial defenses?
Definition
1.) EVADE RECOGNITION and destruction by phagocytic cells
2.) COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
3.) HIDE, by growing inside the cell
Term
define OPSONIZATION
Definition
enhanced phagocytosis usually caused by coating of the particle--would be ingested with either antibody or complement components. (to remember, think: the word "opsonization" starts with an "O" which looks like an open mouth about to chow down on something delicious. phagocytosis. O. open mouth. eating. opsonization.
Term
what is CHEMOTAXIS?
Definition
directed movement of an organism, in response to a certain chemical in the environment. Think "-taxis" sounds like "taxi"--a taxi MOVES directionally.
Term
What are the 3 specific methods of evasion that staphylococci utilize?
Definition
1.) produce catalase--an enzyme that disables myeloperoxidase system
2.) produce IMMUNOGLOBULIN G (IgG)--binding protein that masks bacteria and prevents ANTIBODY action (Ig-G= G.G. the girl from "he's just not that into you" that no BODY likes. ANTI-BODY. ANTIBODY. G.G. IgG.)
3.) can wall itself off by producing COAGULASE fibrin-->fibrinogen produces a clot-like barrier (staph aureus only)
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