1. specificity (reaction to specific antigens)

2. diversity

3.distinguishing self from non-self

4. immunological memory

-the humoral immune response

-the cellular immune response

(work in concert)

based on B cells

-b cells produce antibodies which recognise antigenic determinants by shape and composition

-antibodies recognize pathogens in extracellular smaces (blood, lymphs, exocrine secretions)

humor = latin "fluid"

detects antigens that are within body cells

-destroys virus infected or mutated cells

-main component is T cells

-T cells have T cell receptors that recognise and bind to specific antigenic determinants 

produced by activated lymphocyte (T and B cells)

effector B cells (plasma cells) - produce antigens

effector T cells - release cytokines

memory cells- live longer and can produce effector cells or memory cells

-inoculation with whole pathogens or with antigenic proteins

-initiates a primary immune response without making the person ill

IPV inactivated poliovirus vaccine

-poliovirus grown in a monkey kidney cell line, then killed with formalin

injected into the skin

created by alber sabin

-live attenuated vaccine

-virus is mutated so it can replicate effectively in the gut, but not the nervous system

the body is tolerant of its own molecules

-failure to due so would result in autoimmune disease

-based in part by clonal deletion

eliminate B or T cells from the immune system

-in bone marrow about 90% of B cells are eliminated because they react against self antigens

-the same is true for T cells only in the thymus

-elimination occurs by apoptosis

antibodies

proteins called immunoglobin

composed of two identicle heave chains and two identicle light chains (both with variable and constant regions)

-constant regions determine the class of antibody

-variable regions differ and are responsible for the diversity of antibody specificity

-heavy and light chain variable regions line up to form binding sites 

-held together by disulfied bonds

have a constant and variable region

-bind only to an antigenic determinant located on the surface of antigen presenting cell

killer T cells

-recognise virus infected cells and kill them by causing them to lyse

- MHC I will bring a degraded protein to the plasma membrane where TC cells can check them

-if it is mutated or infected it will recognise it

-if a TC cell binds to an MHC I complex, it is activated to proliferate and differentiate (activation phase)

-after TC cell is activated, it will proliferate to produce a clonal population of identical TC cells

-TC cell will secrete molecules that lyse the cell (effector phase)

-can also attach to a Fas 

assist both the cellular and humoral immune sytem

-stimulate both TH and TC to divide

-after TH cell is activated, it will proliferate to produce a clonal population of identical TH cells

-the b cell will then ingest an antigen and present it to one of the clones who will check again

-the TH cell will then release cytokines causing the B cell to proliferate and differentiate to produce plasma cells and memory cells

-plasma cells secrete antibodies

MHC plasma membrane glycoproteins that display antigens

MHC I and MHC II

present on the surface of every nucleated cell in animals

-if proteins in cell are degraded, MHC I will grab a piece and head to the plasma membrane where killer T cells will find it

-  MHC I is a "kill me" protein

-presents "intracellular" protein fragments

-found mostly on the
surface of B cells, macrophages, and other
“professional” antigen-presenting cells

-presents a fragment of antigen for TH cells to attach

-fragments are from "extracellular" proteins