Term
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Definition
must be able to recognize and defeat pathogens -must be specific as to not attack its own cells -must be adaptive in order to identify clever pathogens |
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Term
| non specific defenses (innate) |
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Definition
inherited mechanisms that protect the body from many different pathogens -response in non specific -exposure leads to immediate and maximal response -no immunological memory -found in nearly all forms of life |
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Term
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Definition
adaptive mechanisms that protect against specific targets -pathogen and antigen specific response -lag time between exposure and maximum response -exposure leads to immunological memory -found only in jawed vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes -essential parts of the defence system |
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Term
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Definition
| suspends red and white blood cells and platelets |
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Term
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Definition
found in the closed circulatory system -smaller, lose their nuclei before they become functional -come from stem cells |
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Definition
with platelets, are found in the closed circulatory system and the lymphatic system -clear, have a nucleus and organelles -come from stem cells -can leave the circulatory system -numbers can rise in response to invading pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
branching system of tiny capillaries connecting to larger vessels -lymph- composed of fluids located outside of the circulatory system -connected to lymph vessels are lymph nodes which contain white blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
type of white blood cell -engulf and digest foreign material |
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Term
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Definition
most abundant type of white blood cell -consists of two types, T and B cells -T cells - migrate from the circulation of the thymus where they mature B cells - circulate and also collect in lymph vessels, and make antibodies |
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Term
| nonspecific defences (examples) |
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Definition
-skin- physical barrier to pathogens -lysozyme- enzyme located in nasal mucus, tears, and saliva, attacts cell walls of bacteria -HCl and proteases in the stomach kill ingested pathogens -bile salts- in small intestine, kill some pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
most abundant type of white blood cell (70%) -attack pathogens in infected tissue -react fast (within an hour or inturruption) -average half life of non activated neutrophil is 4-10 hours -execute a resperatory burst |
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Term
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Definition
mature from monocytes, live longer and consume more pathogens then do neutrophils -some roam, others are stationary in lymph nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| kill parasites such as worms, that have been coated with antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| have highly folded plasma membranes that can capture invading pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
executed by neutrophils, expends all of their glucose reserves, releases superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and chlorine bleach (kills all pathogens) |
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Term
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Definition
response used when dealing with infection or tissue damage -triggered when mast cells and white blood cells called basophils release histamine -attracts phagocytes |
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Term
| macrophages (inflammation) |
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Definition
engulf invaders and are responsible for most of the healing -produce several kinds of cytokines which may signal the brain to start a fever -pus-composed of dead cells and leaked fluid may be produced |
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Term
| toll-like receptors (TLRs) |
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Definition
molecules that alert the immune system to the presence of microbial infections -recognize "pathogen associated molecular patterns" -one of the most ancient conserved components of the immune system -humans have 13 TLR proteins |
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Term
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Definition
secreted by cells that are infected by a virus -glycoproteins consisting of about 160 amino acids -increase resistance of neighboring cells to infections from the same or other viruses by increasing the expression of protein kinase R (PKR) |
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Term
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Definition
activated by (viral) dsRNA -leads to inhibition of all protein synthesis (inhibits viral replication) -kills both the virus and host cell |
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