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organisms tha must obtain their nutrition by eating other organisms -depend on the organic synthesis carried out by autotrophs |
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organisms that trap solar energy using photosynthesis and use that energy to synthesize all of their components -plants, some bacteria, and some protists |
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the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1 degree -a kilocalorie (Cal) is 1000 calories -being abandened for the joule |
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| the metabolic rate resulting from all the physiological functions that take place at a resting state |
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first layer of tissue from the lumen -consists of epithelial cells that have secretory and absorptive functions |
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just outside the mucosa -contains blood and lymph vessels that carry absorbed nutrients to rest of body |
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| covers and supports all abdominal organs |
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| fibrous coat that surrounds the gut |
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| break down protein, carbohydrate, and fat macromolecules into their simplest monomeric units |
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| consists of mucins (a family of large, heavily glycosylated proteins), and inorganic salts suspended in water |
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| a carbohydrase that hydrolyses starch into maltose |
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major enzyme produced by the stomach -secreted by cells in the gastric glands as a zymogen called pepsinogen -newly formed pepsin activates other pepsinogen molecules in a process called autoclasis |
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| created when HCl comes in contact with the stomach wall |
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| bacterium that infects the stomach and causes ulcers |
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| the mixture of gastric juice and partially digested food |
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| secreted from the liver and flows through a branch of the hepatic duct to the gallbladder, where it is stored untill it is needed |
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| when fat enters the duodenum, bile is squeezed out of the gallbladder and into the common bile duct where it flows into the duodenum |
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are emulsifiers have a lipophilic end and a lipophobic end and disperse fat cells intomicelles -synthesized from cholesterol 90% are reabsorbed and recycled via the liver (enterohepatic circulation) 10% are lost with waste (major pathway for elimination of cholesterol) |
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bind to the negatively charged bile acid and distrupts the enterohepatic circulation -lowers cholesterol |
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| break fats down to diglycerides, monoglycerides, and fatty acids so they can pass through the plasma membrane of the microvilli |
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| water soluable lipoproteins synthesized from diglycerides, monoglycerides, and fatty acids |
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transport fats in the aqueous circulatory system -consist of a core fat/cholesterol covered by apolipoproteins that make them water soluble -largest are chylomicrons |
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| Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) |
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Definition
| carry newly synthesized triacylglycerol from the liver to adipose tissue |
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| Low density lipoproteins (LDL) |
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Definition
carry cholesterol from
the liver to cells of the body. Sometimes referred to as
the "bad cholesterol" lipoprotein. |
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| High density lipoproteins (HDL) |
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Definition
collects cholesterol
from the body's tissues, and brings it back to the liver.
Sometimes referred to as the "good cholesterol"
lipoprotein. |
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