Term
| What inhibits Hexokinase in Allosteric regulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What inhibits PFK-1? What activates PFK-1? |
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Definition
citrate and ATP inhibit
AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate activate |
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Term
| What inhibits Pyruvate kinase? What activates it? |
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Definition
*ATP, acetyl CoA, long-chain fatty acids inhibit
*fructose 1,6-bisphosphate activates |
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Term
| What does insulin do in Hormonal regulation? |
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Definition
| Increases the conc. of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate |
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Term
| What does glucagon do in hormonal regualtion? |
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Definition
| decreases the conc. of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate |
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Term
| How is insulin released from the cell? |
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Definition
| GLUT-2 channels allow glucose to enter the cell, glycolysis happens, ATP made, ATP, ADP ratio closes K+ channels, causing depolarization. V-gates Ca2+ channels open, Ca2+ goes into cell and activates insulin gene expression via CREB, then insulin is exocytosed from the cell |
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Term
| What comes from glucose molecule going to 2 pyruvate molecules? |
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Definition
2 NAD+ reduced to NADH
2 ATP |
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Term
| What comes from glucose molecule going to 2 pyruvate molecules? |
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Definition
2 NAD+ reduced to NADH
2 ATP |
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Term
| what results from 2 acteyl CoA going to 4 CO2 molecules? |
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Definition
| 4 CO2 molecules made, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP |
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Term
| What is the total net result of the Glycolysis and CAC? |
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Definition
| 6 CO2, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 ATP |
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Term
| How much energy from ADP to ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
how much energy from NAD rxn?
How much ATP in 10 NADH |
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Definition
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Term
| How much energy from FADH2 rxn? How much ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the oxidation of pyruvate or fatty acids to CO2 coupled to? |
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Definition
*Oxidation of pyruvate or fatty acids to carbon dioxide,
~coupled to the reduction of NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH2. |
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Term
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Definition
| electron transfer from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen-coupled to generation of the proton-motive force |
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Term
| What does the Malate-Aspartate Shuttle do? |
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Definition
| moves the NADH inside the mitochondria |
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Term
| What is the succinate-CoQ reductase (complex II) do? |
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Definition
does NOT move any protons across the membrane but
*Initiates FADH ETC rxn |
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Term
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Definition
F0: an integral membrane protein that contains three types of subunits (a, b and c) that form a proton conducting channel
F1: attached to F0 and is a complex composed of five different proteins (alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon |
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Term
| What is fatty acid oxidation? |
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Definition
Transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria
-1st converted to fatty acyl adenylate, plus ADP and inorganic pyrophosphate by acyl CoA synthetase located in the cytosol
-Carnitine is utilized to carry acyl groups across the mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| What major enzyme is used in B-oxidation of fatty acid? |
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Definition
| B-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase |
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Term
| What does Malonyl CoA inhibit in Fatty Acid Oxidation? |
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Definition
| Inhibits Carnitine acyl transferase I |
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Term
| What does NADH inhibit in B-Oxidation (Fatty Acid Ox)? |
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Definition
| *inhibits B-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase |
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Term
| What does Acetyl CoA inhibit in B-Oxidation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of transporter is the Phosphate transporter? What does it do? |
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Definition
*Uniporter
~brings into the cytosol one HPO42+ per OH- that exits the cytosol |
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Term
| What type of transporter is the ATP-ADP transporter? What does it do? |
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Definition
*Antiporter
~Brings into the cytosol one ADP per ATP that exits the cytosol |
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Term
| In Respiratory control, what is necessary for ATP synthesis? |
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Definition
| Availability of ADP and Pi and Oxygen |
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Term
| In respiratory control, oxidation of NADH will continue only if: |
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Definition
| If the proton-motive force is dissipated thru the synthesis of ATP |
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Term
| People who lack Gal transferase need blood transfusions because? |
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Definition
| People who lack the Gal transferase and cannot synthesize the B antigen (blood types A and O) normally have antibodies against the B antigen in their serum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein may mediate transport of ammonium ion or gases such as CO2. Fetus that inherits Rh+ blood from father in danger if mother is Rh-. Transfusion required to match mother’s blood. |
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Term
| What does the Signal-recognition Particle bind to? |
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Definition
Binds to both SS and 60s ribosome
Binds to SRP receptors on ER membrane |
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Term
| What is the signal-recognition particle receptor made of? |
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Definition
Integral ER membrane protein
alpha and beta subunits |
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Term
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Definition
~GTP binds to:
*P54 subunit of SRP
*alpha subunit of SRP receptor |
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Term
| What are the steps of Nuclear Import? |
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Definition
1. a nuclear protein binds to another protein (importin)
2. is brought into the nucleus and is released in the nucleus with the aid of a G protein (RAN).
-GEF and GAP are also involved |
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Term
| How does Nuclear Export work? |
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Definition
| Utilizes a nuclear-export receptor, exportin 1 and a shuttle protein with a nuclear-export signal (NES) plus Ran |
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