Term
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Definition
| heritable change in genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation in a cell that does not give rise to a gamete |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation in a germ-line cell (one that gives rise to a gametes) |
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Term
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Definition
| affects a single gene or locus |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen-containing base that is one of the three parts of a nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| base substitution in which a purine is replaced by a different purine or a pyrimidine is replaced by a different pyrimidine |
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Term
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Definition
| base substitution in which a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine is replaced by a purine |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation in which nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation in which one or more nucleotides are deleted from a DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| alters the reading frame of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| insertion of some multiple of three nucleotides, which does not alter the reading frame of the gene |
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Term
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Definition
| deletion of some multiple of three nucleotides, which does not alter the reading frame of the gene |
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Term
| expanding trinucleotide repeat |
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Definition
| mutation in which the number of copies of a trinucleotide (or some multiple of three nucleotides) increases in succeeding generation |
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Term
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Definition
| alters a codon in the mRNA, resulting in a different amino acid in the protein encoded |
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Term
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Definition
| changes a sense codon into a stop codon |
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Term
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Definition
| change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that does not alter the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| changes the amino acid sequence of a protein but does not alter the function of the protein |
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Term
| loss-of-function mutation |
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Definition
| causes the complete or partial absence of normal function |
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Term
| gain-of-function mutation |
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Definition
| produces a new trait or causes a trait to appear in inappropriate tissues or at inappropriate times in development |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which a specific environment induces mutations that enable organisms to adapt to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| arises spontaneously from natural changes in DNA structure of from errors in replication |
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Term
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Definition
| results from environmental agents, such as chemicals or radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| incorporation of a damaged nucleotide or mismatched base pair into a DNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| replication of an incorporated error in which a change in the DNA sequence has been replicated and all base pairings in the new DNA molecule are correct |
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Term
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Definition
| slipping of the template and newly synthesized strands in replication in which one of the strands loops out from the other and nucleotides are inserted or deleted on the newly synthesized strand |
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Term
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Definition
| misalignment of the two DNA molecules during crossing over, resulting in one DNA molecule with an insertion and other with a deletion |
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Term
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Definition
| break in the covalent bond connecting a purine base to the 1'-carbon atom of deoxyribose, resulting in the loss of the purine base; the resulting apurinic site cannot provide a template in replication, and a nucleotide with another base may be incorporated in the newly synthesized DNA strand opposite the apurinic site |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of an amino group (NH2) from a base |
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Term
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Definition
| any environmental agent that significantly increases the rate of mutation above the spontaneous rate |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substance that has a structure similar to that of one of the four standard bases of DNA and may be incorporated into newly synthesized DNA molecules in replication |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substance that is about the same size as a nucleotide and may become sandwiched between adjacent bases in DNA, distorting the three-dimensional structure of the helix and causing single-nucleotide insertions and deletions in replication |
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Term
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Definition
| structure in which a bond forms between two adjacent pyrimidine molecule on the same strand of DNA; disrupts normal hydrogen bonding between complementary bases and distorts the normal configuration of the DNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA repair that first excises modified bases and then replaces the entire nucleotide |
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Term
| nucleotide-excision repair |
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Definition
| DNA repairs that remove bulky DNA lesions and other types of DNA damage |
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