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| A shunt that allows oxygenated blood to bypass liver; converges with inferior vena cavae; occurs in fetal circulation |
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| A shunt that allows blood to bypass fetal lungs; shunts blood directly from pulmonary artery to the aorta; occurs in fetal circulation |
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| A shunt that diverts blood from right atrium to left atrium; completely bypasses right ventricle and pulmonary artery to allow systemic circulation |
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| nonspecific immune response; provide first/immediate defense by responding to pathogens in a general way; consists of macrophages, mast cells, granulocytes, dendritic cells, and NT cells |
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| specific immune response; comprised of humoral immunity (B-cells) and cell-mediated immunity (T-cells); composed of highly specialized cells that respond to a pathogen in a manner that must be "learned" |
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| B-cells produce antibodies; involves the production of antibodies(immunoglobulins), which are specific to antigens of invading microbe; part of Adaptive Immunity |
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| a group of white blood cells known as Lymphocyte; produced in bone marrow and immature ones are housed in spleen/lymph nodes; primary function is to produce antibodies; will proliferate into two daughter cells 1.Plasma cells 2.Memory cells |
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| specialized type of B-cell; produces large amounts of antibodies |
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| specialized type of B-cell; stay in lymph nodes for use upon being re-exposed to the same antigen; initial activation of these cells may take 7-10 days (primary response);if same invader infects body again, memory cells will immediately attack (secondary response); may last a lifetime in organism |
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| immune response that doesn't involve antibodies but involves the activation of phagocytes and antigen-specific T-cells; helper and regulatory T-cells coordinate immune response while killer T-cells destroy an infected cell |
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| coordinate immune response by secreting lymphokines (chemicals that recruit other immune cells); provides adequate response to an infection |
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| helps to tone down initial immune response once infection has been adequately contained |
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| capable of directly killing viral cells by secreting toxic chemicals; can produce memory T-cells |
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| a group of white blood cells known as Lymphocyte; produced from bone marrow but are housed and mature within the thymus; perform cell-mediated immunity that doesn't involve antigens |
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| category of white blood cells that contain granules in cytoplasm; Neutrophils (phagocytes), Eosinophils (kill parasites), Basophils (release histamine) |
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| category of white blood cells that do not contain granules and are mononucleated; lymphocytes (T and B-cells) and monocytes (immature macrophages that will engulf invaders) |
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| hormones are released from hypothalamus into hypophyseal portal system (blood stream)and bind to receptors in the anterior pituitary (stimulates the release of hormones from ant. pit.); hormones can be classified as direct or tropic; produces GH, prolactin, ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH |
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| FLAT (Tropic hormones; FSH, LH, ACTH, and Thyroid Hormone) PEG (direct hormones; Prolactin, Endorphins, GH) |
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| ex: ADH and insulin; hormones made of amino acids; these hormones act as primary messengers that stimulate secondary messenger cascades; derived from long precursor proteins (modified in Golgi); action is immediate but doesn't last long |
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| derived from cholesterol (nonpolar molecule); can cross cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors; hormone-receptor binding to DNA (dimerization) promotes transcription of specific genes; not immediate but can have longer lasting effects |
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| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) |
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| a hormone that is released from anterior pituitary; stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize/secrete glucocorticoids |
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| a hormone that is released from the anterior pituitary; stimulates milk production and secretion |
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| a hormone that is released form the anterior pituitary; stimulates bone and muscle growth (an active process that requires abundance ATP) |
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| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) |
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| a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary; stimulates the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3); increase cellular respiration, alter glucose/fatty acid utilization, and speed up synthesis/degradation of proteins/fatty acids; set the metabolic rate; regulated by negative feedback |
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| a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary; stimulates ovulation in females (peak level day 14); stimulates testosterone synthesis in males |
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| Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary; stimulates follicle maturation of a single ovum in females; stimulates spermatogenesis in males |
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| Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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| also known as vasopressin; a hormone that is created by hypothalamus but stored in posterior pituitary; stimulates water absorption in the kidney (directly acts on collecting duct to increase water permeability) |
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