This is any biological molecule that has a low solubility in water and high solubility in nonpolar organic solvents.

They are hydrophobic so they make excellent barriers separating aqueous environments.

Fatty Acids

Triacylglycerols

Phospholipids

Glycolipids

Steroids

Terpenes

Triglycerides

Function: Store energy in the cell, provide thermal insulation and padding.

Constructed from three carbon backbone called glycerol which is attached to three fatty acids.

Fat cells.

Specialized cells whose cytoplasm contain nothing but triglycerides.

Function: serce as a structural component of membranes

A glycerol backbone but with a phosphate group replacing one of the fatty acids.

Phosphate group makes polar at one end and nonpolar at the other.

Function: Regulate metabolic activity.

Four ringed structures that include some hormones, vitamin D, and cholesterol.

Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

Polypeptides.

Only major nutrient containing Nitrogen. 

The number and sequence of an amino acid in a polypeptide.

α-helix or a β-pleated sheet.

Contribute to the confirmation of the protein.

1. Covalent Disulfide bonds betweem two cysteine amino acids on diff parts of the chain.

2. electrostatic interactions mostly between basic and acidic side chains.

3. hydrogen bonds.

4. van der Waal's

5. Hydrophobic side chains pushed away from water.

Made from long polymers.

Maintain and add strength to the cellular and matrix structure.

A structural protein made from a unique type of helix.

The most abundant protein in the body.

Proteins with carbohydrate groups attached.

Components of the cellular plasma membrane.

Compounds made from Carbon and Water witha n empirical formula of C(H₂O).

Polymerized version of glucose.

Large amounts in muscle and liver cells.

(Liver regulates blood sugar so it is capable of reforming glucose from glycogen)

Composed of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.

Form polymers to create nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

Polymers of nucleotides that form RNA and DNA joined by phosphodiester bonds.

Link the nucleotides together to form nucleic acid.

Links the phosphate group of one nt to the C3 of the pentose of the other nt to form long strands.

Dissolved inorganic ions inside and outside the cell.

They assist in transportation of substances entering and exiting the cell.

Globular proteins that act as a catlyst, lowering the energy of activation of a reaction and increasing the rate of the reaction.

Do not alter the equilibrium of a reaction.

Is not consumed by the reaction.

The reactant/reactants on which an enzyme work.

Forms an enzyme-substrate complex.

A non-protein component that enzymes require to reach optimal activity.

Can be coenzymes or metal ions.

Agents that noncovalently bind reversibly to a substrate active site.

Raise the Km value but do not affect the Vmax value.

These bind noncovalently to an enzyme at a spot other than the actice site and change the conformation of the enzyme.

They do not affect the Km but lower the Vmax

1. Proteolytic cleavage

2. Reversible covalent modification

3. Control proteins

4.Allosteric Interactions

Innactive form of an enzyme.

Peptide bond cleavage will irreversibly activate the enzyme.

-ogen ending indicates that it is a zymogen.

Coopertivity in the presence of the allosteric inhibitor.

Oxygen's sigmoidal dissociation curve is because of this.

"-ase"

Enzyme.

Contains a nitrogen so it is subject to denaturing.

Oxidation of macromolecule constituent parts into acetyl CoA, pyruvate or other metabolites forming some ATP and reduced coenzymes. 

If oxygen is available, the metabolites go into the citric acid cycle and oxydative phosphorylation to form large amounts of energy (otherwise the coenzyme NAD+ annd other byproducts are either recycled or expelled as waste)

The first stage of anaerobic and aerobic respiration.

Series of reactions that breaks downt he 6C glucose into 3C pyruvates.

Also yields two molecules of ATP from ADP, inorganic phosphate and water, and two molecules of NADH each from the reduction of NAD+

Location: Cytosol

Anerobic Respiration.

Includes glycolysis, the reduction of pyruvate back to ethanol or lactic acid, and the oxidation of the NADH back to NAD+

Recycling of NADH back to NAD+ 

Respiration that requires oxygen.

Pyruvate and NADH pass through the outter membrane via facilitated diffusion.

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA producing NADH nad CO2.

Location: Mitochondrial Matrix

(Citric Acid Cycle, TCA Cycle)

Each turn of the cycle produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2.

A series of proteins, including cytochrom with heme, in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Electrons are passed down, initially oxidizing NADH, ultimately accepted by Oxygen to form water.

As electrons are passed down, protons are pumped into the intermembrane space for wach NADH establishing a proton gradient force that propels ATP synthase.

Production of ATP through the ETC.

2-3 ATP are produced per molecule of NADH.

(Also occurs similarly with FADH₂, but only produces 2 ATP).