Term
| >Hkr2ÎF$æÌÉÇâ%½'IˆÌ¦¬œì Ùôúj²Ø9 |
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Definition
| V›“eŒîÒÀ— YȬƒ/…õšEüõ%uŒ³èíhtG¹5LLc…A¦“7ीdÎ||eyèÆzACÜ)b‘ä±)ªxsÂœS’³ˆªéÚˆ cj‹Br–¯4òd–ó–CØ—VYƒ{SáÒú |
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Term
| ¿À‡„`so]@Ó<œîÄÞ÷¬ªNÑ>JCŒóë;ì‘[ |
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Definition
| OP°•ŠÉó3ÑÄpxÞǦ1„@ëïøtÃzÑ©a¤~9({Ù”º |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| –õåÅâ‰ÊåQêMH¢¨¸$¡Ï9Ü!&Õ³¥TùÀ®TZ -årŒ RoÔ1Χӌ¿5 iŠ•–WúD³ |
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Term
| ÅŽ³íÕc¹NH!Tð0ÑìœDcæ=̇ Ñ·•S4óÿÓ Ï -gÒ” |
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Definition
| s¿¶/ŽÌ°GÙ岫U¯»cñ\Hùȧ×õÕñ“Ž¾eý ÿÿ PK ! KU;ñù 1 word/_rels/document.xml.rels ¢( ¬’ËjÃ0E÷…þƒ˜}-;}PBälJ!ÛÖý E ?¨, iúðßwHÛàÐàn¼Üº÷0º›íç`Å;ÆÔ{§ Èr茯{×*x© ¯îA$Ò®ÖÖ;T0b‚myy±yB«‰ ¥®I°‹K |
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Term
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Definition
| aÊmethylatedÊguanineÊnucleotideÊaddedÊtoÊtheÊ5'ÊendÊofÊeukaryoticÊmRNA.ÊTheÊcapÊisÊnecessaryÊtoÊinitiateÊtranslationÊofÊmRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| "TheÊbandÊofÊtheÊsarcomereÊthatÊextendsÊtheÊfullÊlengthÊofÊtheÊthickÊfilament.ÊTheÊAÊbandÊincludesÊregionsÊofÊthickÊandÊthinÊfilamentÊoverlap,ÊasÊwellÊasÊaÊregionÊofÊthickÊfilamentÊonly.ÊAÊbandsÊalternateÊwithÊIÊbandsÊtoÊgiveÊskeletalÊandÊcardiacÊmuscleÊaÊstriatedÊappearance.ÊTheÊAÊbandÊdoesÊnotÊshortenÊduringÊmuscleÊcontraction." |
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Term
| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| AÊperiodÊofÊtimeÊfollowingÊanÊactionÊpotentialÊduringÊwhichÊnoÊadditionalÊactionÊpotentialÊcanÊbeÊevokedÊregardlessÊofÊtheÊlevelÊofÊstimulation.Ê(UsuallyÊbecauseÊNa+ÊchannelÊclosedÊwhileÊK+Êefflux) |
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Term
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Definition
| "TheÊthreeÊglandsÊinÊtheÊmaleÊreproductiveÊsystemÊthatÊreproduceÊsemen:ÊtheÊseminalÊvesicles,ÊtheÊprostate,ÊandÊthe" |
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Term
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Definition
| "(1)ÊInÊtheÊGIÊtract,ÊorgansÊthatÊplayÊaÊroleÊinÊdigestionÊbutÊnotÊdirectlyÊpartÊofÊtheÊalimentaryÊcanal.ÊTheseÊincludeÊtheÊliver,ÊtheÊgallbladder,ÊtheÊpancreas,ÊandÊtheÊsalivaryÊglands." |
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Term
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Definition
| TheÊneurotransmitterÊusedÊthroughoutÊtheÊparasympatheticÊnervousÊsystemÊasÊwellÊasÊtheÊneuromuscularÊjunction. |
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Term
| Acetyl cholinesterase (Ache) |
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Definition
| TheÊenzymeÊthatÊbreaksÊdownÊacetylcholineÊinÊtheÊsynapticÊcleft. |
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Term
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Definition
| "TheÊfirstÊsubstrateÊinÊtheÊKrebsÊcycle,ÊproducedÊprimarilyÊfromÊtheÊoxidationÊofÊpyruvateÊbyÊtheÊpyruvateÊdehydrogenaseÊcomplex,ÊhoweverÊacetyl-CoAÊisÊalsoÊproducedÊduringÊfattyÊacidÊoxidationÊandÊproteinÊcatabolism." |
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Term
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Definition
| EnzymesÊthatÊdegradeÊvariousÊmacromoleculesÊandÊthatÊrequireÊanÊacidicÊpHÊtoÊfunctionÊproperly.ÊAcidÊhydrolasesÊareÊfoundÊwithinÊtheÊlysosomesÊofÊcells. |
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Term
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Definition
| "CellsÊthatÊmakeÊupÊexocrineÊglands,ÊandÊthatÊsecreteÊtheirÊproductsÊintoÊducts.ÊForÊexample,ÊinÊtheÊpancreas,ÊacinarÊcellsÊsecreteÊdigestiveÊenzyme;ÊinÊtheÊsalivaryÊglands,ÊacinarÊcellsÊsecreteÊsaliva. " |
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Term
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Definition
| "AÊcontractileÊprotein.ÊInÊskeletalÊandÊcardiacÊmuscle,ÊactinÊpolymerizesÊ(alongÊwithÊotherÊproteins)ÊtoÊformÊtheÊthinÊfilaments.ÊActinÊisÊinvolvedÊinÊmanyÊcontractileÊactivities,ÊsuchÊasÊcyotkinesis,ÊpseudopodÊformation,ÊandÊmuscleÊcontraction." |
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Term
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Definition
| "AÊlocalizedÊchangeÊinÊaÊneuronÕsÊorÊmuscleÊcell'sÊmembraneÊpotentialÊthatÊcanÊpropagateÊitselfÊawayÊfromÊitsÊpointÊofÊorigin.ÊActionÊpotentialsÊareÊanÊall-or-noneÊprocessÊmediatedÊbyÊtheÊopeningÊofÊvoltage-gatedÊNa+ÊandÊK+ÊchannelsÊwhenÊtheÊmembraneÊisÊbroughtÊtoÊtheÊthresholdÊpotential;ÊopeningÊofÊtheÊNa+ÊchannelsÊcausesÊaÊcharacteristicÊdepolarization,ÊwhileÊopeningÊofÊtheÊK+ÊchannelsÊrepolarizesÊtheÊmembrane." |
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Term
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Definition
| "TheÊamountÊofÊenergyÊrequiredÊtoÊproduceÊtheÊtransitionÊstateÊofÊaÊchemicalÊreaction.ÊIfÊtheÊactivationÊenergyÊforÊaÊreactionÊisÊveryÊhigh,ÊtheÊreactionÊoccursÊveryÊslowly.ÊEnzymesÊ(andÊotherÊcatalysts)ÊincreaseÊreactionÊratesÊbyÊreducingÊactivationÊenergy." |
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Term
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Definition
| "TheÊ3DÊsiteÊofÊanÊenzymeÊwhereÊsubstratesÊ(reactants)ÊbindÊandÊaÊchemicalÊreactionÊisÊfacilitated. OneÊofÊtheÊfourÊaromaticÊbasesÊfoundÊinÊDNAÊandÊRNA;ÊalsoÊaÊcomponentÊofÊATP,ÊNADH,ÊandÊFADH2.ÊAdenineÊisÊapurine;ÊitÊpairsÊwithÊthymineÊ(inÊDNA)ÊandÊwithÊuracilÊ(inÊRNA)" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "TheÊinnerÊregionÊofÊtheÊadrenalÊgland.ÊTheÊadrenalÊmedullaÊisÊpartÊofÊtheÊsympatheticÊnervousÊsystem,ÊandÊreleasesÊepinephrineÊ(adrenaline)ÊandÊnorepinephrineÊintoÊtheÊbloodÊwhenÊstimulated.ÊTheseÊhormonesÊaugmentÊandÊprolongÊtheÊeffectsÊofÊsympatheticÊstimulationÊinÊtheÊbody." |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenocoricotropic hormone (ACTH) |
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Definition
| "AÊtropÊhormoneÊproducedÊbyÊtheÊanteriorÊpituitaryÊglandÊthatÊtargetsÊtheÊadrenalÊcortex,ÊstimulatingÊitÊtoÊreleaseÊcorisolÊandÊaldosterone." |
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Term
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Definition
| TheÊsmallÊarteryÊthatÊcarriesÊbloodÊtowardÊtheÊcapillariesÊofÊtheÊglomerulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| AÊneuronÊthatÊcarriesÊinformationÊ(actionÊpotentials)ÊtoÊtheÊcentralÊnervousÊsystem;ÊaÊsensoryÊneuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| AÊbloodÊproteinÊproducedÊbyÊtheÊliver.ÊAlbuminÊhelpsÊtoÊmaintainÊbloodÊosmoticÊpressureÊ(oncoticÊpressure) |
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Term
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Definition
| "TheÊprincipalÊmineral corticoidÊsecretedÊbyÊtheÊadrenalÊcortex.ÊThisÊsteroidÊhormoneÊtargetsÊtheÊkidneyÊtubulesÊandÊincreasesÊrenalÊreabsorptionÊofÊsodiumÊ[andÊexcretionÊofÊpotassium].Ê(thisÊcausesÊADHÊtoÊbeÊsecretedÊ&ÊincreasedÊwaterÊcomesÊout,ÊincreasingÊbloodÊpressureÊindirectly)." |
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Term
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Definition
| "AlsoÊknownÊasÊtheÊgastrointestinalÊ(GI)ÊtractÊofÊtheÊdigestiveÊtract,ÊtheÊalimentaryÊcanalÊisÊtheÊlongÊmuscularÊ""tube""ÊthatÊincludesÊtheÊmouthÊesophagus,Êstomach,ÊsmallÊintestine,ÊandÊlargeÊintestine." |
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Term
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Definition
| TheÊmodificationÊofÊenzymeÊactivityÊthroughÊinteractionsÊofÊmoleculesÊwithÊspecificÊsitesÊonÊtheÊenzymeÊotherÊthanÊtheÊactiveÊsiteÊ(calledÊallostericÊsites) |
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Term
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Definition
| "(singularÊalveolus.)ÊTinyÊsacs,ÊwithÊwallsÊonlyÊaÊsingleÊcellÊlayerÊthickÊfoundÊatÊtheÊendÊofÊtheÊrespiratoryÊbronchioleÊtree.ÊAlveoliÊareÊtheÊsiteÊofÊgasÊexchangeÊinÊtheÊrespiratoryÊsystem." |
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Term
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Definition
| "AÊversionÊofÊaÊgene.ÊForÊexample,ÊtheÊgeneÊmayÊbeÊforÊeyeÊcolor,ÊandÊtheÊallelsÊincludeÊthoseÊforÊbrownÊeyes,ÊthoseÊforÊblueÊeÊeyes,ÊthoseÊgreenÊeyes,Êetc.ÊAtÊmost,ÊdiploidÊorganismsÊcanÊpossess onlyÊtwoÊallelesÊforÊaÊgivenÊgene,ÊoneÊonÊeachÊofÊtheÊtwoÊhomologousÊchromosomes." |
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Term
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Definition
| "TheÊmonomerÊofÊaÊprotein;ÊaminoÊacidsÊhaveÊanÊaminoÊgroupÊonÊoneÊendÊofÊtheÊmoleculeÊandÊaÊcarboxylicÊacidÊgroupÊonÊtheÊother,ÊandÊofÊtheÊofÊ2ÊdifferentÊsideÊchains." |
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Term
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Definition
| TheÊ3'ÊendÊofÊaÊtRNAÊmoleculeÊthatÊbindsÊanÊaminoÊacid.ÊTheÊnucleotideÊsequenceÊatÊthisÊendÊisÊCCA |
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Term
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Definition
| AÊtRNAÊwithÊanÊaminoÊacidÊattached.ÊThisÊisÊmadeÊbyÊanÊanimoacyl-tRNAÊsynthetaseÊspecificÊtoÊtheÊaminoÊacidÊbeingÊattached |
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Term
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Definition
| AÊsacÊfilledÊwithÊfluidÊ(amnioticÊfluid)ÊthatÊsurroundsÊandÊprotectsÊaÊdevelopingÊembryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| "TheÊcharacteristicsÊofÊa moleculeÊthatÊhasÊbothÊpolarÊ(hydrophilic)ÊandÊnon polarÊhydrophobic)Êregions,Êe.g.Êphospholipids,Êbile,Êetc." |
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Term
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Definition
| "TheÊprocessÊofÊbuildingÊcomplexÊstructuresÊoutÊofÊsimplerÊprecursors,Êe.g.ÊsynthesizingÊproteinsÊfromÊaminoÊacids." |
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Term
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Definition
| "PhysicalÊstructuresÊinÊtwoÊdifferentÊorganismsÊthatÊhaveÊfunctionalÊsimilarityÊdueÊtoÊtheirÊevolutionÊinÊaÊcommonÊenvironment,ÊbutÊhaveÊdifferentÊunderlyingÊstructure.ÊAnalogousÊstructuresÊariseÊfromÊconvergentÊevolution." |
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Term
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Definition
| TheÊvalveÊthatÊcontrolsÊtheÊreleaseÊofÊfecesÊfromÊtheÊrectum.ÊItÊhasÊanÊinternalÊpartÊmadeÊofÊsmoothÊmuscleÊ(thusÊinvoluntary)ÊandÊanÊexternalÊpartÊmadeÊofÊskeletalÊmuscleÊ(thusÊvoluntary). |
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Term
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Definition
| "a�methylated�guanine�nucleotide�added�to�the�5'�end�of�eukaryotic�mRNA.�The�cap�is�necessary�to�initiate�translation�of�mRNA " |
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Term
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Definition
| """The�band�of�the�sarcomere�that�extends�the�full�length�of�the�thick�filament.�The�A�band�includes�regions�of�thick�and�thin�filament�overlap,�as�well�as�a�region�of�thick�filament�only.�A�bands�alternate�with�I�bands�to�give�skeletal�and�cardiac�muscle�a�striated�appearance.�The�A�band�does�not�shorten�during�muscle�contraction.""" |
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Term
| "Absolute refractory period " |
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Definition
| "A�period�of�time�following�an�action�potential�during�which�no�additional�action�potential�can�be�evoked�regardless�of�the�level�of�stimulation.�(Usually�because�Na+�channel�closed�while�K+�efflux)" |
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Term
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Definition
| """The�three�glands�in�the�male�reproductive�system�that�reproduce�semen:�the�seminal�vesicles,�the�prostate,�and�the""" |
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Term
|
Definition
| """(1)�In�the�GI�tract,�organs�that�play�a�role�in�digestion�but�not�directly�part�of�the�alimentary�canal.�These�include�the�liver,�the�gallbladder,�the�pancreas,�and�the�salivary�glands.""" |
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Term
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Definition
| "The�neurotransmitter�used�throughout�the�parasympathetic�nervous�system�as�well�as�the�neuromuscular�junction." |
|
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Term
| "Acetyl cholinesterase (Ache) " |
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Definition
| "The�enzyme�that�breaks�down�acetylcholine�in�the�synaptic�cleft." |
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Term
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Definition
| """The�first�substrate�in�the�Krebs�cycle,�produced�primarily�from�the�oxidation�of�pyruvate�by�the�pyruvate�dehydrogenase�complex,�however�acetyl-CoA�is�also�produced�during�fatty�acid�oxidation�and�protein�catabolism.""" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "Enzymes�that�degrade�various�macromolecules�and�that�require�an�acidic�pH�to�function�properly.�Acid�hydrolases�are�found�within�the�lysosomes�of�cells." |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| """Cells�that�make�up�exocrine�glands,�and�that�secrete�their�products�into�ducts.�For�example,�in�the�pancreas,�acinar�cells�secrete�digestive�enzyme;�in�the�salivary�glands,�acinar�cells�secrete�saliva. """ |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| """A�contractile�protein.�In�skeletal�and�cardiac�muscle,�actin�polymerizes�(along�with�other�proteins)�to�form�the�thin�filaments.�Actin�is�involved�in�many�contractile�activities,�such�as�cyotkinesis,�pseudopod�formation,�and�muscle�contraction.""" |
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Term
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Definition
| """A�localized�change�in�a�neuron�s�or�muscle�cell's�membrane�potential�that�can�propagate�itself�away�from�its�point�of�origin.�Action�potentials�are�an�all-or-none�process�mediated�by�the�opening�of�voltage-gated�Na+�and�K+�channels�when�the�membrane�is�brought�to�the�threshold�potential;�opening�of�the�Na+�channels�causes�a�characteristic�depolarization,�while�opening�of�the�K+�channels�repolarizes�the�membrane.""" |
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Term
| "Activation energy (Ea) " |
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Definition
| """The�amount�of�energy�required�to�produce�the�transition�state�of�a�chemical�reaction.�If�the�activation�energy�for�a�reaction�is�very�high,�the�reaction�occurs�very�slowly.�Enzymes�(and�other�catalysts)�increase�reaction�rates�by�reducing�activation�energy.""" |
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Term
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Definition
| """The�3D�site�of�an�enzyme�where�substrates�(reactants)�bind�and�a�chemical�reaction�is�facilitated. One�of�the�four�aromatic�bases�found�in�DNA�and�RNA;�also�a�component�of�ATP,�NADH,�and�FADH2.�Adenine�is�apurine;�it�pairs�with�thymine�(in�DNA)�and�with�uracil�(in�RNA)""" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "Anterior�pituitary�gland" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| """The�inner�region�of�the�adrenal�gland.�The�adrenal�medulla�is�part�of�the�sympathetic�nervous�system,�and�releases�epinephrine�(adrenaline)�and�norepinephrine�into�the�blood�when�stimulated.�These�hormones�augment�and�prolong�the�effects�of�sympathetic�stimulation�in�the�body.""" |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| "Adrenocoricotropic hormone (ACTH) " |
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Definition
| """A�trop�hormone�produced�by�the�anterior�pituitary�gland�that�targets�the�adrenal�cortex,�stimulating�it�to�release�corisol�and�aldosterone.""" |
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Term
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Definition
| "The�small�artery�that�carries�blood�toward�the�capillaries�of�the�glomerulus." |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "A�neuron�that�carries�information�(action�potentials)�to�the�central�nervous�system;�a�sensory�neuron." |
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Term
|
Definition
| "A�blood�protein�produced�by�the�liver.�Albumin�helps�to�maintain�blood�osmotic�pressure�(oncotic�pressure)" |
|
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Term
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Definition
| """The�principal�mineral corticoid�secreted�by�the�adrenal�cortex.�This�steroid�hormone�targets�the�kidney�tubules�and�increases�renal�reabsorption�of�sodium�[and�excretion�of�potassium].�(this�causes�ADH�to�be�secreted�&�increased�water�comes�out,�increasing�blood�pressure�indirectly).""" |
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Term
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Definition
| """Also�known�as�the�gastrointestinal�(GI)�tract�of�the�digestive�tract,�the�alimentary�canal�is�the�long�muscular�""""tube""""�that�includes�the�mouth�esophagus,�stomach,�small�intestine,�and�large�intestine.""" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "The�modification�of�enzyme�activity�through�interactions�of�molecules�with�specific�sites�on�the�enzyme�other�than�the�active�site�(called�allosteric�sites)" |
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Term
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Definition
| """(singular�alveolus.)�Tiny�sacs,�with�walls�only�a�single�cell�layer�thick�found�at�the�end�of�the�respiratory�bronchiole�tree.�Alveoli�are�the�site�of�gas�exchange�in�the�respiratory�system.""" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| """A�version�of�a�gene.�For�example,�the�gene�may�be�for�eye�color,�and�the�allels�include�those�for�brown�eyes,�those�for�blue�e�eyes,�those�green�eyes,�etc.�At�most,�diploid�organisms�can�possess only�two�alleles�for�a�given�gene,�one�on�each�of�the�two�homologous�chromosomes.""" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| """The�monomer�of�a�protein;�amino�acids�have�an�amino�group�on�one�end�of�the�molecule�and�a�carboxylic�acid�group�on�the�other,�and�of�the�of�2�different�side�chains.""" |
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Term
| "Amino acid acceptor site " |
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Definition
| "The�3'�end�of�a�tRNA�molecule�that�binds�an�amino�acid.�The�nucleotide�sequence�at�this�end�is�CCA" |
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Term
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Definition
| "A�tRNA�with�an�amino�acid�attached.�This�is�made�by�an�animoacyl-tRNA�synthetase�specific�to�the�amino�acid�being�attached" |
|
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Term
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Definition
| "A�sac�filled�with�fluid�(amniotic�fluid)�that�surrounds�and�protects�a�developing�embryo." |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| """The�characteristics�of�a molecule�that�has�both�polar�(hydrophilic)�and�non polar�hydrophobic)�regions,�e.g.�phospholipids,�bile,�etc.""" |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| """The�process�of�building�complex�structures�out�of�simpler�precursors,�e.g.�synthesizing�proteins�from�amino�acids.""" |
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Term
|
Definition
| """Physical�structures�in�two�different�organisms�that�have�functional�similarity�due�to�their�evolution�in�a�common�environment,�but�have�different�underlying�structure.�Analogous�structures�arise�from�convergent�evolution.""" |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "The�valve�that�controls�the�release�of�feces�from�the�rectum.�It�has�an�internal�part�made�of�smooth�muscle�(thus�involuntary)�and�an�external�part�made�of�skeletal�muscle�(thus�voluntary)." |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| "Anterior pituitary gland " |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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