Term
|
Definition
The study of the various factors influencing the occurrence, distribution, prevention and control of disease, injury and other health-related events in a defined human population.
i.e: Where do they come from? How do they get to us? |
|
|
Term
What is a reservoir?
What are the 4 types of reservoirs? |
|
Definition
Continuing sources of disease
Water, Soil, Human, Animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Problem for us:
water contamination by feces and urine
Solution for us:
water treatment
sewage facilities
Problem for bug:
nutrient poor, salinity, temperature
Solution for bug:
VBNC
(viable but not culturable state)
Vibrio cholerae
ETEC (Enterotoxic E. coli)
Campylobacter jejuni
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Legionella pneumophila
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Problem for us:
contact with soil
Solution for us:
avoid rusty nails and war
wash hands
immunize
Problem for bug:
desiccation
Solution for bug:
endospores
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium perfringens
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Problem for us:
avoiding infected humans
Solution for us:
immunization
quarantine
Problem for bug:
non-specific defenses
immune response
Solution for bug:
adhesins
evasins and evasion strategies
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Problem for us:
avoiding infected animals
animal products
Solution for us:
immunization and
quarantine
good animal husbandry
food handling
Salmonella enterica
Campylobacter
E. coli O157:H7
Problem for bug:
non-specific defenses
immune response
Solution for bug:
adhesins
evasins and evasion strategies
Salmonella enterica
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transplacental, During birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
direct methods: requires close or personal contact with infected individual
hand-shaking, kissing, sexual intercourse,
contact with feces
(bacterial STIs, gram -ve intestinal disease)
aerosols - exposure to droplets - mucus expelled during cough or sneeze
( Bordetella pertussis, Streptococcal sore throat)
exposure to infected animals
( Salmonella enterica, Bacillus anthracis)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vehicles - consumption of contaminated food or water - poultry - source of Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter
fomites - inanimate objects that carry pathogens - drinking fountains, used tissues, door handles,phones, used syringes
vectors - insects, arthropods -
mechanical - transports pathogen (salmonellosis)
biological - vector is diseased (Lyme borreliosis)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmissible among hosts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Has recovered from disease but continues to shed organisms (Salmonella typhi)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pass among hosts with particular ease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acquired directly from environment, not easily transmitted to next host (Clostridium spp.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs at a low level in a specific geographic area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A desease that breaks out in explosive proportions in a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A situation in which two populations of organisms interact in a close and permanent association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
two populations live together and accomplish what neither could alone
mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells
lichens: fungus and algae (green algae or cyanobacteria)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
benefits both organisms
nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in plant root nodules
Lactobacillus in vagina
nutrients and production of acid environment
E. coli in intestine
supplies vitamin K and metabolizes otherwise indigestible foodstuffs
Streptococcal spp. in throat
provide “colonization resistance” to Streptococcus pyogenes
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
one population benefits, the other neither benefits nor is harmed i.e., normal flora
bacteria that inhabit the skin, bacteria that inhabit intestine
benefit to host may be unrecognized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beneficial to one organism, harmful to the other
i.e., pathogens
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colonization of the body by a bacterium |
|
|
Term
| Disease (due to bacterium) |
|
Definition
Infection that produces signs and symptoms
- Not all disease is due to infection
- Infection does not always cause disease
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Objective evidence of damage to the host
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Subjective evidence of damage to the host
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microorganisms that infect without causing disease
an example of symbiosis, either mutualism or commensalism
introduced in the birth canal and gradually acquired from environmental exposure
outnumber us 10:1
|
|
|
Term
| Significance of Normal Flora |
|
Definition
- Diseases
- Host factors
- Immunological significance
- Nutritional significance
- What leads to pathogenicity?
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Staphylococcus
Micrococcus
Corynebacterium
Propionibacterium acnes
Enterics |
|
|
Term
| Oronasopharynx (ONP) Normal Flora |
|
Definition
alpha-hemolytic Strep
Corynebacterium
Micrococcus
Neisseria
Haemophilus
Bacteroides
Spirochaetes
Mycoplasma
|
|
|
Term
| Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) Normal Flora |
|
Definition
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Lactobacillus
Clostridium
Enterics
Bacteroides
Pseudomonas |
|
|
Term
| Urogenital tract (UGT) Normal Flora |
|
Definition
Streptococcus
Lactobacillus
Bacteroides
Mycoplasma |
|
|
Term
| Sterile Locations in body |
|
Definition
| CSF, Blood, Synovial fluid, Lungs, Deep tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Streptococcus mutans (sobrinus)
Streptococcus gordonii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
