Term
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Definition
| Genetic constitution of an individual in terms of alleles at a specific gene/across a series of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| The observable characteristics as defined by the genetic information of the genotype |
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| What term describes "heritable differences in genome constitution that result in observable differences in phenotype" |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the "central dogma" |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Segment of DNA that is transcribed into mRNA then translated into a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternate forms of a gene that give rise to distinct phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| Units factor in pairs (2 possible alleles at any given gene) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Segregation
-alleles are transmitted independently of one another from parent to gamete, each gamete having either one or hte other |
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Term
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Definition
Independent Assortment
-alleles are transmitted indpendently of one another from parent to offspring, and there are various possible combinations |
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Term
| What is the exception to independent assortment? |
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Definition
Linked genes.
Linked genes are on the same chromosome, and close enough together that the probability of crossing over occuring is <1. |
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Term
| What are the 2 possible causes of independent assortment? |
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Definition
-genes are on separate chromosomes
-genes are on the same chromosome but far enough apart that the probability of crossing over is 1 |
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Term
T or F
Plants have genes in 3 locations, animals in just 2. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Different phenotypes resulting from interactions between 2 genes |
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Term
| What is a 9:4:3 epistatic ratio? |
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Definition
| Complete dominance, recessive epistasis. When one gene is homo recessive it masks the effect of the other |
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Term
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Definition
when one gene is dominant, the phenotype of the other is hidden.
e.g. 1 class: A-B- or A-bb
2nd class: aaB-
3rd class: aabb |
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Term
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Definition
If a gene is dominant, the effects of the other alleles are hidden
e.g. one class is Aab/AaBbaaBb, the other is aabb |
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Term
| What is the only mechanism that shuffles genetic variation? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Chromosomes contain all 'Mendelian' genes |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Chromosomes contain most but not all DNA in a cell |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you identify specific chromosomes in a species? |
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Definition
| Using the arm ratio of short arm:long arm |
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Term
| Why is crossing over important? |
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Definition
It allows different allelic combinations to occur between linked genes
It creates novel variation |
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Term
| What stage of meiosis is the reduction division? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the reduction division important? |
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Definition
| Would have offspring with twice the # of chromosomes if reduction didn't occur |
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Term
| When does crossing over occur? |
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Definition
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Term
What stage of meiosis does the following occur in?
"Homologous chromosomes pair, forming bivalents at the metaphase plate" |
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Definition
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Term
| When do sister chromatids separate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When an organism has either 1 extra or 1 fewer chromosomes than normal |
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Term
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Definition
| When an entire chromosomal set deviates from the 2x condition |
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Term
| If an organisim has multiple sets of chromosomes from 1 ancestral origin, what is it called? |
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Definition
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Term
| If an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes from different ancestors, what is it called |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Triploids are usually sterile |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The physical exchange of genetic material between different chromosomes |
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Term
| What is a terminal deletion? |
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Definition
| Just one segment of 1 chromosome is broken off |
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Term
| If terminal deletion occurs in meiosis, what will happen? |
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Definition
| The gametes will be haploid, and be missing the 'genes' that were broken off. Will probably be aborted/absorbed |
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Term
| What is paracentric inversion in symmetrical form? Are two breaks required for this or one? |
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Definition
If a piece is broken off, then flipped around and re-attached to the chromosome
Two breaks |
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Term
| What are the products of paracentric inversion - asymmetic form? |
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Definition
| An acentric ring (consisting of the broken off piece of DNA) and DNA segement with interstitial deletion. |
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Term
T or F
The more chromosomes involved, the more possible combinations of assortment can occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the products of pericentric inversion - asymmetrical form? Are two breaks required for this or one? |
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Definition
A centric ring (the original portion of DNA) and an acentric fragment.
Two breaks |
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Term
| What happens to a DNA fragment (that doesn't have a centromere) during meiosis? |
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Definition
| They are lost (spindle fibres can't attach) |
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Term
| What did the Creighton & McClintock paper illustrate? |
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Definition
| Physical exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes in maize. Recombination! |
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