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(525 B.C.E - 456 B.C.E)
Responsible for the origin and development of Greek Drama
Introduced 2nd speaking character and concept of conflict
(Prometheus Bound, Oresteia, Agamemnon, Chophori, and Eumenides) |
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(450 B.C.E - 385 B.C.E)
Considered the father of Greek comedy
(Lysistrata, The Clouds, and The Birds) |
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(384 B.C.E - 322 B.C.E.)
Introduced and popularized the concept of literary criticism
(The Poetics) |
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(485 B.C.E - 405 B.C.E)
Chiefly responsible for introducing the technique of deus ex machina
(The Trojan Women, Helen, The Bacchae) |
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(c. 9th Cen. B.C.E)
Products of non-literature culture. 1st works of Western literature
(Odyssey, Illiad) |
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(43 B.C.E - 18 C.E)
(Publius Ovidius Naso)
Brought erotic verse to popularity
(Metamorphoses, Love's Remedy) |
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(428 B.C.E - 399 B.C.E)
Father of Western philosophy
(Republic, Apology, Symposium) |
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(c. 612 B.C.E. - ?)
Verse fragments
(Early Greek poetry) |
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(496 B.C.E. - 406 B.C.E)
Added 3rd speaking character and moved Greek drama further from religious commentary to more basic human interaction
(Oedipus, Tyrannus, Antigone, Electra) |
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(70 B.C.E - 19 B.C.E)
(Publius Vegilius Maro)
Popularized the pastoral poem and the concept of civic virtue
(The Aeneid) |
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(1265-1321)
Considered to have single-handedly founded modern European literature
perfected "terza rima" (rhyme in threes)
(Divine Comedy, The Inferno, Purgatorio, Paridiso) |
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(1561-1626)
Founder of the inductive method of modern science and philosophical writings about science
(Essays, The New Atlantis) |
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(1313-1375)
Introduced the use of the vernacular in classically focused literature
(The Decameron) |
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(1340-1400)
Chiefly responsible for bringing literature to the middle class
(The Canterbury Tales, Troilus and Criseyde) |
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| de Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel |
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(1547-1616)
Spanish writer
Wrote the 1st Modern novel
(Don Quixote) |
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(1573-1637)
English playwright
(Every Man in His Humour) |
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(1469-1527)
The Prince outlined a governmental structure based on the self-interest of the ruler; such rule is still called "Machiavellian."
(The Prince, La Madrigola) |
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(1564-1593)
Author of 1st real historical drama and 1st English tragedy
(The Tragedy of Doctor Faustus, Edward the Second) |
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(1608-1674)
Puritan poet noted for allegorical religious epics
(Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained) |
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(1304-1374)
Italian poet
His works provided the basis for love poetry and popularized popularized the theme of humanism.
(The Canzoniere) |
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(1494-1553)
Introduced satiric narrative
(Gargantua, Pantagruel) |
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(1564-1616)
Considered the greatest English poet and dramatist
(Hamlet, King Lear, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Twelfth Night, Richard III, Julius Caesar, Much Ado About Nothing, Sonnets) |
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(1552-1599)
great Elizabethan poet
Popularize the use of allegory
(The Faerie Queen, Amoretti) |
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(1631-1700)
Influential in establishing the heroic couplet
(Alexander's Feast, Heroic Stanzas) |
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Moliere
(Jean-Baptiste Poquelin) |
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(1622-1673)
Perfected literary conversation and introduced everyday speech to theatre
(Don Juan, Tartuffe, The Misanthrope) |
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(1639-1699)
Renowned for lyric poetry based on Greek and Roman literature
(Andromaque, Bernice and Phaedre) |
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(1672-1719)
Outstanding poet, critic, and playwright whose numerous essays marked political free thinking of his time
(The Tattler, The Spectator, Cato) |
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(1757-1827)
Visual artist and poet who defied neoclassical convention with subjects of truth and beauty
(Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience) |
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(1706-1790)
Scientist, educator, abolitionist, philosopher, economist, political theorist, and statesman who defined the colonial New World in his writings; principle figure of the American Enlightenment
(Poor Richard's Almanac, Observations on the Increase of Mankind, numerous essays and state papers) |
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(1688-1744)
Classicist and wit who formulated rules for poetry and satirized British social circles
the greatest English poet of early 1700's
(The Dunciad, The Rape of the Lock, An Essay on Criticism, An Essay on Man) |
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(1712-1778)
Libertine whose focused prose inspired the French Revolution
(Social Contract, The New Heloise) |
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(1667-1745)
English author noted for his direct style, clear, sharp prose and critical wit
(Gulliver's Travels, Take of a Tub, "A Modest Proposal") |
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Voltaire
(Francois-Marie Arouet) |
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(1694-1778)
French author
Progressive philosopher and freethinker best known for synthesizing French and English critical theory
(Candide, Zadig) |
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(1775-1817)
English novelist
Principally known for novels of manners and middle English society
(Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice) |
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(1821-1867)
French Symbolist poet
(Flowers of Evil (Les Fleurs du Mal)) |
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(1816-1855)
English author - Victorian novelist, sister to Emily Bronte
(Jane Eyre) |
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(1816-1848)
English author - Victorian novelist, sister to Charlotte Bronte
(Wuthering Heights) |
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| Browning, Elizabeth Barrett |
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(1806-1861)
English poet, married to Robert Browning
(Sonnets for the Portuguese, Aurora Leigh) |
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(1812-1889)
English poet, married to Elizabeth Browning, known for dramatic monologues
(Bells and Pomegranates, My Last Duchess |
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| Byron, George Gordon (Lord) |
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(1788-1824)
English romantic poet and major figure in the Romantic movement and inspiration for the Byronic hero
(Don Juan, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, classic poetry) |
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(1772-1834)
English romantic poet and foremost literary critic of the Romantic period
(Rime of the Ancient Mariner, "Kubla Khan," "Christabel") |
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(1857-1924)
Born in Berdychiv, Ukraine of Polish parents, major English post-colonialist novelist
(Heart of Darkness, Lord Jim) |
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(1812-1870)
English novelist
(Great Expectations, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities, A Christmas Carol) |
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(1830-1886)
American poet in 19th century
(Because I Could Not Stop for Death) |
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(1821-1881)
Russian novelist
(Crime and Punishment, Notes From the Underground, The Brothers Karamazov, The Idiot) |
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(1819-1880)
English author
(Mill on the Floss) |
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(1821-1880)
French novelist
(Madame Bovary) |
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(1804-1864)
American transcendentalist author who set many of his stories against the somber background of Puritan New England
(The Scarlet Letter, in which Hester Pryne is the adultress, Author Dimmesdale the adulterer, and Roger Chillingsworth the husband; The House of Seven Gable) |
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(1828-1906)
Norwegian playwright and forerunner of the Expressionist movement and considered the father of modern realistic drama
(A Doll's House, Hedda Gabler) |
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(1883-1924)
Born in Prague to middle-class German-speaking Jewish family
Major existentialist novelist
(The Metamorphosis, The Castle) |
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(1795-1821)
English romantic poet
Most versatile of the Romantics
(Endymion, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn, La Belle Dame sans Merci, Hyperion) |
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(1885-1930)
English novelist
(Lady Chatterly's Lover, The Rainbow, Sons and Lovers) |
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(1819-1891)
American transcendentalist novelist
(Moby-Dick, in which Ismael narrates the story of Captain Ahab's search for a white whale; Billy Budd; Typee) |
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(1809-1849)
American transcendentalist poet, critic and short-story writer who dealt with macabre issues of insanity and horror; the father of modern mystery and detective fiction.
(Fall of the House of Ushers, The Tell-Tale Heart, The Raven, The Murders in the Rue Morgue) |
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(1830-1894)
English poet
(Goblin Market) |
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(1797-1851)
Romantic novelist whose liberal social and political views underscore her work, sister to Percy Shelley
(Frankenstein, The Last Man) |
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(1792-1822)
English romantic poet who mastered metaphor and metrical form, brother to Mary Shelley
(Adonais, Prometheus Unbound, Ode to the West Wind) |
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(1811-1896)
American novelist, wrote most important novel of the abolitionist movement
(Uncle Tom's Cabin) |
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(1818-1848)
American transcendentalist philosopher and writer and social theorist
(Walden) |
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| Tolstoy, Leo Nikolayevich |
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(1828-1910)
Major Russian novelist
(War and Peace, Anna Karenina) |
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Twain, Mark
(Samuel Clemens) |
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(1835-1910)
American novelist, essayist, and satirist
(Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court) |
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(1819-1892)
American poet, his poems sing the praise of America and democracy
(Leaves of Grass, "O Captain! My Captain!" a poem on Lincoln's death) |
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(1854-1900)
Irish playwright, novelist, dramatist, and social critic, attacked Victorian narrow-mindedness and complacency
(The Picture of Dorian Gray, The Importance of Being Earnest) |
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(1770-1850)
English romantic poet who broke with neoclassical theory in much of his nature poetry
(The Prelude, Lyrical Ballads) |
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(1924-1987)
American poet and novelist
(Go Tell It on the Mountain, The Fire Next Time) |
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(1906-1989)
Irish-born French playwright and novelist; themes include existentialism and absurdity
(Waiting for Godot, Happy Day, Malloy) |
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(1911-1979)
American poet
(Collected Works) |
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(1894-1962)
Known for non-traditional forms of poetry
(Tulips and Chimneys) |
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(1888-1965)
English Christian poet and theorist
(The Waste Land, Prufrock and Other Observations, Murder in the Cathedral) |
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(1897-1962)
American novelist; wrote about the South; know for his use of stream of consciousness
(The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Absalom, Absalom! |
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(1874-1963)
American poet
(Birches, The Road Not Taken, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, Mending Wall, After Apple-Picking) |
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(1926-1997)
American Beat poet
(Howl) |
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¯ = stressed/long syllable
˘ = unstressed/short syllable (macron and breve notation)
Disyllables
˘ ˘ pyrrhus, dibrach
˘ ¯ iamb
¯ ˘ trochee, choree (or choreus)
¯ ¯ spondee
Trisyllables
˘ ˘ ˘ tribrach
¯ ˘ ˘ dactyl
˘ ¯ ˘ amphibrach
˘ ˘ ¯ anapest, antidactylus
˘ ¯ ¯ bacchius
¯ ¯ ˘ antibacchius
¯ ˘ ¯ cretic, amphimacer
¯ ¯ ¯ molossus |
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(1843-1916)
American author, known for his subtle psychological character studies.
(The Turn of the Screw, The Ambassadors, Daisy Miller, Washington Square, The Portrait of a Lady)
Brother William James was a philosopher. |
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