Term
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Definition
| binding site, place in where the substrate binds to the enzyme and reaction occurs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a globular protein that catalyzes biochemical reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| substance in which an enzyme acts on |
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Term
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Definition
| model for enzyme-substrate interaction which suggests that an enzyme possess a specifically shaped active site that would fit exactly with a particular substrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| model for enzyme-substrate interaction which suggests unlike the lock-and-key model that the active site continues to change until the substrate is completely bound to it, at which point the final shape and charge is determined. |
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Term
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Definition
| when the characteristic properties of an enzyme are damaged by heat, acidity, or other effects, disrupting its molecular conformation. |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life. |
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Term
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Definition
| the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change. |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that slows down or prevents a particular chemical reaction or other process, or that reduces the activity of a particular reactant, catalyst, or enzyme. |
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Term
| Non-competitive Inhibitor |
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Definition
| is a type of inhibition that reduces the maximum rate of a chemical reaction without changing the apparent binding affinity of the catalyst for the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, consisting of three bonded phosphate groups, present in all living tissue that provides energy for bodily reactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substratemay bind, thus changing the shape of the enzyme and influencingits ability to be active. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes and are connected by their intermediates |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of the end product of a particular metabolic reaction inhibiting an allosteric Enzyme involved in that reaction as the reaction starts again, thus breaking the reaction cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| when a phosphate group is added to a molecule or compound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blockage of the action of an enzyme on its substrate by replacement of the substrate with a similar but inactive compound that can combine with the active site of the enzyme but that is not acted upon or split |
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Term
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Definition
| a quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy. |
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Term
| chlorophyll (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance whose presence in the tissues or cells of plants or animals colors them |
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Term
| photosystem (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| light-collecting units of the chloroplast |
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Term
| reaction center (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| The use of ionizing radiation or radioactive substances to treat disease. |
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Term
| radiation (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| the process in which energy is emitted as particles |
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Term
| Absorption (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| The process of absorbing substances into cells or across the tissues and organs through diffusion or osmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| The supporting matrix of a cell |
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Term
| thykaloid (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| A vesicle lined with a pigmented membrane that is the site of photosynthesis, they are stacks of that make up the grana in the chloroplast |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Stacks of thylakoids found in the stroma of the chloroplast |
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Term
| light dependent reaction (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| Chemical reactions that need a supply of light energy; occurs in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast |
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Term
| abosption spectrum (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| Formed by electromagnetic radiation that has passed through a medium where radiation where of certain frequencies is absorbed |
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Term
| light independent reaction (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| reactions that need light indirectly but can carry on for some time in darkness; occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast |
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Term
| wavelength (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum |
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Term
| frequency (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| The number of members of a population of a particular class |
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Term
| calvin cycle (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate. |
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Term
| photolysis (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| The splitting of water molecules that only happens in the light |
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Term
| photoactivation (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| The initial stage of photosynthesis in chlorophyll in the presence of light energy that raises the energy |
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Term
| photophosphorylation (Photosynthesis) |
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Definition
| uses light as a source of energy in the formation of ATP from ADP during photosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of populations living and interacting with each other in the same area. |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism that produces its own food |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that cannot make their own food from inorganic matter and must obtain organic molecules from other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism, typically a bacterium, that derives energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that rely on others for food |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that are able to create their own food. |
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Term
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Definition
| An animal that feeds on dead organic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that live on or in non-living organic matter secreting digestive enzymes into it and absorbing the products of digestion. They play an important role in the decay of dead organic materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of interlocking and interdependent food chains. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diagram used to show how much and how fast energy flows from one trophic level to the next in a community. |
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Term
| greenhouse effect (Ecology) |
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Definition
| The trapping of the sun's warmth in the planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| gasses that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation. (ex. nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, CFCs, ozone) |
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Term
| precautionary principle (Ecology) |
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Definition
| An ethical theory that states that action should be taken to prevent harm even if there is not enough data to prove that the activity will have severe negative consequences. So before someone wants to engage in an activity that may cause changes in the environment they have to prove first that no harm will be done. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of the number of births to the size of the population; the birth rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The arrival of other species to the community. |
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Term
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Definition
| The departure of species from the community. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio of the number of deaths to the size of the population; the death rate. |
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Term
| sigmoid growth curve (Ecology) |
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Definition
| Curve in a graph that shows three stages in population growth. (exponential growth: number of individuals increases at a faster and faster rate. -transitional phase: growth rate slows down considerably, the population is still increasing but at a slower pace. -plateau phase: number of individuals has stabilizes, there is no more growth.) |
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Term
| carrying capacity (Ecology) |
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Definition
| The number of people, other living organism, or crops that a region can support without environmental degradation. |
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Term
| abiotic factors (Ecology) |
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Definition
| Factors that affect the environment- Atmosphere gases, wind, fire, light, temperature, humidity, day length, NESW (north, east, south, west), pH, parent material, salinity, and wage |
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Term
| quadrat sampling (Ecology) |
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Definition
| Sampling with the use of quadrats of a certain size in which the organisms within the quadrate are counted and these are used to determine the population size. |
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Term
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Definition
| Quadrats are placed at regular intervals and the population abundance is recorded at each point along the abiotic variable. |
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Term
| fundamental niche (Ecology) |
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Definition
| Full range of environmental conditions where it could potentially survive and reproduce. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific set of conditions where it actually survives in a given habitat or ecosystem. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Primary consumers that feed on plant material only. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consumer that kills and eats another consumer. |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasite that gains an advantage to the cost of the host which may be killed |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction between two different organisms that is beneficial to both organisms involved |
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Term
| competitive exclusion (Ecology) |
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Definition
| No two species can occupy the same niche for extended periods of time if not the weakest species would be killed or decreased. |
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Term
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Definition
| the total dry mass of organic matter in a given area or volume. |
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Term
| gross production (Ecology) |
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Definition
| is the total amount of energy trapped in organic matter produced by plants per area per time in kilojoules. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the gross production minus the energy lost through respiration. |
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Term
| primary succession (Ecology) |
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Definition
| the emergence of an entirely new ecosystem (example: a volcanic island) |
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Term
| secondary succession (Ecology) |
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Definition
| the replacement of one ecosystem by another after an environmental damage (example: growth of a forest after a fire) |
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Term
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Definition
| A large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat (example: forest, tundra...) |
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Term
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Definition
| The surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth which is occupied by living organisms. |
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Term
| simpson diversity index (Ecology) |
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Definition
| method to calculate the measure of diversity in an ecosystem. |
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Term
| invasive species (Ecology) |
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Definition
| a species that does not naturally occur in a specific area and whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health. |
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Term
| biomagnification (Ecology) |
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Definition
| a process by which chemical substances become more concentrated at each trophic level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chlorofluorocarbon, gases used in refrigerants and aerosol propellants. they are harmful to the ozone layer in the earth's atmosphere thanks to the release of chlorine atoms upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation. |
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Term
| indicator species (Ecology) |
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Definition
| Species that are very sensitive to environmental change |
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Term
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Definition
| The state or process of a species, family, or larger group becoming extinct, or ceasing to exist. |
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Term
| in situ conservation (Ecology) |
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Definition
| "on-site conservation". It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal species in its natural habitat, either by protecting or cleaning up the habitat itself, or by defending the species from predators. |
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Term
| ex situ conservation (Ecology) |
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Definition
| "off-site conservation". It is the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild area or within the care of humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| An r-strategy involves investing more resources into producing many offspring, having a short life span, early maturity, reproducing only once and having a small body size. |
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Term
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Definition
| A K-strategy involves investing more resources into development and long-term survival. This involves a longer lifespan and late maturity, and is more likely to involve parental care, the production of few offspring, and reproducing more than once. |
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Term
| maximum sustainable yield (Ecology) |
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Definition
| the size of a natural population at which it produces a maximum rate of increase, typically at half the carrying capacity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which a parent cell splits into two daughter cells of approximately equal size |
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Term
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Definition
| Forms a protective outer layer the prevents damage from outside and also bursting if internal pressure is high |
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Term
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Definition
| A cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| A plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis take place |
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Term
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Definition
| The material or protoplasm, within a living cell, excluding the nucleus. Contains enzymes that catalyse the chemical reactions of metabolism and contains DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and coherence |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in a multicellular organism develop in different ways and can carry out different functions |
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Term
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Definition
| An organism consisting of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained within a distinct nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Solid protein structures with a corkscrew shape, projecting from the cell wall which rotates and cause locomotion |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of flattened sacs called cisternae which are stacked on top of one another. It functions in the collection, packaging, modification and distribution of materials synthesized in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Maintaining the internal environment of the body between limits |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane. Show little internal structure and are usually absent from plant cells. They are involved in the breakdown of materials brought into cell by phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| A microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures |
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Term
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Definition
| An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which biochemical processes of respiration and energy |
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Term
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Definition
| The double layered membrane enclosing the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Its non-compartmentalized that contains single, long continuous circular thread of DNA. The region involves cell control and the reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase |
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Term
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Definition
| A dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cell, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane containing the genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| Any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell |
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Term
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Definition
| They are hair like growths outside the cell wall. These structures are used for attachment and its main function is to join bacterial cells in preparation for the transfer of DNA from one cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
| It’s located outside the cell wall and has a composition similar to eukaryotic cells. It controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell and play a role in binary fission of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins |
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Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum (cell) |
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Definition
| Allows for transportation of materials throughout the internal region of a cell and is involved in protein development and transport |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that have the capacity to self-renew through cell division and differentiate |
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Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism. |
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