Term
| What kind of planet is earth? |
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Definition
| A water planet (1 of the few in the galaxy) |
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Term
| How much of the earth does the ocean cover? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Average depth of the ocean is about .. |
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Definition
| 4.5* the average height of the continents above sea level |
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Term
| What is a systematic process of asking and answering questions about the natural world? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific method to the ocean, the planet of which it is apart, and the living organisms dependent on the ocean |
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Term
| Most of the atoms that make up Earth and its inhabitants were formed within... |
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Definition
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Term
| How did earth form? when? |
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Definition
| By the accretion of cold particles about 4.6 billion years ago |
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Term
| The ocean formed as ________ trapped in the Earth's outter layers escaped to the surface through _______ during the planet's youth. |
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Definition
-water vapor
- volcanic activity |
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Term
| The vast body of saline water that occupies the depressions of Earth's surface is.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why refer to the ocean as "one world ocean" instead of The Pacific, Atlantic, ect.. |
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Definition
| It emphasizes the interdependence of ocean and land, life and water, atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and natural and human-made enviornments. |
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Term
| On a planetary scale, the ocean is.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Marine Science (or _______) is: |
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Definition
*Oceanography
- the process of discovering unifying principles in data obtained from the ocean, its associated life-forms, and its bodering lands. |
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Term
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Definition
| A speculation about the natural world that can be tested and verified or disproved by further observations and controlled experiments. |
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Term
| What was the universe's beggining? When? |
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Definition
| The Big Bang - 13.7 billion years ago |
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Term
| What is our galaxy called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are massive spheres of incandescent gases? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The clumping of small particles into bigger masses |
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Term
| The process of the early steps in the evolution of living organisms from simple organic building blocks |
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Definition
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Term
| The early history of marine science is closely associated with the history of... |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the aim for the first marine studies? (3) |
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Definition
| To facilitate travel, trade, and warfare |
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Term
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Definition
| Traveling on the ocean for a specific purpose- comes from trade records along the coast of the Mediteranean Sea |
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Term
| Where is the word ocean derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Chart makers- made routine journeys from producing areas to markets |
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Term
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Definition
| Drawn from parallel to the equator |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In the history of human migration, no voyaging saga is more inspriring than that of the _________ colonizations, the people of the __________ |
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Definition
| Polynesian- Central and Eastern Pacific Islands |
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Term
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Definition
| Grew more skilled, larger vessels, more seaworthy. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a nation extends its military capacity onto the ocean |
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Term
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Definition
| A device that bounces sound waves off the ocean bottom, to study the depth and contour of the seafloor. |
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Term
| Earth is composed of __________, with the least dense layer on the _______ and the densest as the ________. |
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Definition
-concentric spherical layers-
-outside
-core |
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Term
| Earth's layers 3 chemical compostions classifications: |
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Definition
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Term
| Earth's physical properties classified as: (4) |
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Definition
| lithosphere, asthenosphere, mantle, and core |
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Term
| How was the existence and basic properties of the earth's layers confirmed? |
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Definition
| Analysis of seismic waves that are generated by the forces that cause large earthquakes |
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Term
| What does the theory of plate tectonics suggest? |
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Definition
| the earth's surface is not a static arrangement of continents and ocean, but a dynamic mosaic of jostling lithospheric plates. |
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Term
| Ho was continental and oceanic crust generated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most major continental and seafloor features are shaped by.. |
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Definition
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Term
| How old is the oldest seaflloor? |
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Definition
| As old as the dinosaurs. 1/23 the age of Earth |
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Term
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Definition
| All Earth's land had once been joined into a single supercontinent surrounded by an ocean |
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Term
| What was the superconitent called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the surrounding oceans of the supercontinent called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Because he deeper layer of the earth is denser that the layer above, we say earth is.. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Relative heaviness of a substance. Mass per unit volume. |
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Term
| Low-frequency pulses of energy generated by the forces that cause earthquakes _______ can spread rapidly into Earth in all directions, and then return to the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The uppermost layer, lightweight, britle |
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Term
| The thin _____ is primarily ______, a heavy, dark-colored rock |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______, the layer beneath the crust, is though to consist mainly of oxygen, iron, magnesium, and silicon. |
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Definition
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Term
| Earth's cool, rigid outter layer, comprised of the crusts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The hot, partially melted, slowly flowing layer of upper mantle below the _______, is: |
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Definition
-asthenosphere
-lithosphere |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ extends to the core. |
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Definition
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Term
| The main source of the heat from the center of the earth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Process that generates heat when unstable forms of elements are transformed into new elements |
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Term
| Heat journeys toward the surface by _________ , a process analogous to the slow migration of heat along a skillet's handle. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ occurs when a fluid is heated, expands and becomes less ______and rises. |
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Definition
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Term
| Slow-flowing circuits of material within the mantle |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types of plate boundries |
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Definition
| divergent, convergent, transform boundries |
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Term
| Plate movements are causes by a combination of 2 forces acting in nearly ________. What are they? |
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Definition
Equal proportion
- the outward push of new seabed formed at spreading centers. plates slide off the raised ridges.
- the downward pull of a descending plate's dense leading edge. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Magma is called _____ when found above ground |
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Definition
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Term
| A ______ would form when the magma would solidify in the fractures; some would erupt from volcanoes. |
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Definition
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Term
| A line along which two plates are moving apart and at which oceanic crust forms |
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Definition
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Term
| Because earth is not getting larger, divergence in one plate must be offset by ________ in another. |
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Definition
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Term
| Oceanic crust is destroyed at _________, regions of violent geological activity where plates push together |
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Definition
| Convergent plate boundries |
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Term
| Movement of lithospheric plates over the mantle occurs on the _______ of the ________, not on a plane. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lithospheric plates shear laterally past one another at ______ |
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Definition
| Transform plate boundaries |
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Term
| _______ are continent-sized columns of super heated mantle originating at the core-mantle boundary |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are one of the surface expressions of plumes of magma rising from relatively stationary sources of heat in the mantle |
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Definition
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Term
| The ocean floor can be divided into ___ regions: ______ and ______ |
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Definition
2-
-continental margins and deep ocean basins |
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Term
| The __________, the relatively shallow ocean floor nearest the shore, consists of the _______ & _______ |
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Definition
-continental margin
-continental shelf & slope |
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Term
| Most of the ocean floor is blanketed with |
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Definition
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Term
| The processes of _______, (3), have shaped the continental margins and ocean basins |
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Definition
| -plate tectonics, erosion, sediment disposition |
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Term
| The study and discovery of ocean floor contours is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| The deep sea beyond the continental margin is: |
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Definition
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Term
| Continental margins facing the edges of diverging plates are called ______ because ________earthquake or volcanic activity is now associated with them |
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Definition
Passive Margins
-relatively little |
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Term
| Continental margins near edges of converging plates are called _________ because of their ______earthquake and volcanic activity. |
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Definition
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Term
| The shallow, submerged extension of a continent is |
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Definition
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Term
| Around 18000 years ago, at the height of the last ______, massive ice caps covered huge regions of the worlds continent |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ is the transition between the gently descending continental shelf and the deep-ocean floor. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mass movements of sediments called ______ occur when turbulance mixes sediments into water above a sloping bottom |
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Definition
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Term
| An apron of accumulated sediment |
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Definition
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Term
| Fractures along which lithospheric plates slide horizontally |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ are flat, featureless expanses of sediment-covered ocean floor found on the ______ of all oceans. |
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Definition
-Abyssal Plains
-Periphery |
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Term
| Circular or elliptical, more than .6 miles in height, steep slopes projections |
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Definition
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Term
| Flat topped seamounts that once were tall enough to approach or penetrate the sea surface. |
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Definition
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Term
| An arc-shaped depression in the deep-ocean floor |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ refers to particles of organic or inorganic matter that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated form |
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Definition
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Term
| Layers of _____ cover most places of the ocean floor |
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Definition
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Term
| The blanket of marine sediment is the thickets at the ______ and the thinnest over the _________ |
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Definition
-continental margins
-active ocean ridges |
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Term
| Sediments may be classified by (4) |
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Definition
1. particle size
2. source
3. location
4. color |
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Term
| ______ sediments, the most abundant, originate on continents or islands near them |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ sediments are composed of the remains of once-living organisms. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______sediments are precipated directly from seawater |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ sediments, the ocean's rarest, come to the seabed from space |
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Definition
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Term
| Most marine sediments are made from finer particles: (3) |
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Definition
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Term
| Sediments composed of particles of mostly one size are said to be |
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Definition
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Term
| Sediments with a mixture of sizes are _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ sediments are also hydrogenous sediments because why? |
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Definition
Authigenic
-they were formed in the place they now occupy |
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Term
| Continental shelf sediments: |
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Definition
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Term
| In some cases neritic sediments undergo _______, theyre converted into sedimentary rock by preassure-induced compaction or by cementation |
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Definition
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Term
| The analysis of layered sedimentary deposits in the ocean represent the discipline of _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| the study of the oceans past |
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Definition
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