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| National Oceanographic and American Administration |
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Food Gathering Efficiency
Motion
Osmoregulation
Nervous System
Reproduction and Growth |
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Stable Salinity
No osmoregulation |
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| Can survive without moving; carried by water |
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| Ample Oxygen carries in... |
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| Carries is oxygen and removes CO2 and wastes and carries away gametes and larval stage |
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| Reproduce by budding off new fragments |
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| Particles of decaying algae or animal AND bacteria |
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| Many species rely on water pressure for body support |
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| Many species rely on what for gas exchange |
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| How do they remove nitrogenous wastes |
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| Distribution of animals over space and time |
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| Organisms carried by seafloor or continents |
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| Organisms move by themselves or on currents of air or water |
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Panthalassia
200-250 mya
Pangea |
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| Pangea split into 2 continents |
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Godwana (S.) Laurasia (N)
200 mya |
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| Open North from Tethys Sea, over time opened up into a very large sea extending into S. Dakota |
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| What happened about 65 mya ago |
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| Central Sea retreated- rise of Rocky Mountains, and Atlantic started to open |
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| What type of sea was Tethys |
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| Tropical, with many tropical families, remain same world wide |
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| What happened about 25-30 mya |
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| Volcanic action in isthmus of Panama closed off Atlantic and Pacific |
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| Open North from Tethys Sea, over time opened up into a very large sea extending into S. Dakota |
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| What happened about 65 mya ago |
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| Central Sea retreated- rise of Rocky Mountains, and Atlantic started to open |
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| What type of sea was Tethys |
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| Tropical, with many tropical families, remain same world wide |
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| What happened about 25-30 mya |
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| Volcanic action in isthmus of Panama closed off Atlantic and Pacific |
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| Same ancestor but now separate Pacific and Caribbean population, genetically distinct |
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| Selective change in faunal compositon |
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| Coral reefs in Caribbean region, Pacific mostly rocks |
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| Greatest species diversity |
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| Tropical Indian- West and Central Pacific |
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| Where is the greatest diversity in cold seas |
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| Gulf of Mexico is a mixture of what fauna |
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| Caribbean and North Atlantic |
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| N. Brazil and Caribbean sea to Bahamas and Bermuda |
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| Warm, clear water, little seasonal change |
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| N. coast of Gulf type of fauna |
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| What size plankton net do we use? |
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| Continuous Plankton Recorder |
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| The depth at which the light intensity is just sufficient to bring about a balance between the oxygen produced and that consumed by algae |
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| Nutrients phytoplankton require |
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| Overabundance of nutrients can cause |
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Die-Off
Stagnant Water
Decompositon |
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| Period of rapid growth and reproduction |
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| Detect phytoplankton with satellite |
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| Use fluorescence from chlorophyll |
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| Phytoplankton produces what percent of global photosynthesis biomass |
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| Phytoplankton produces was percent NPP |
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| Different species of phytoplankton are common at different seasons |
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| Dinoflagellates carry on photosynthesis if enough light, engulf or absorbs nutrients or particles otherwise |
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| Diatom asexual reproduction |
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| Frustule opens, new part forms |
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| Diatom sexual reproduction |
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| Auxospore forms (resting stage) |
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| Dinoflagellates have how many flagella |
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| Dinoflagellate that is luminescent |
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| Poisonous Dinoflagellates |
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Fluorescence
Primary Production
Light and Dark Bottles |
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| Amount of carbon fixed into sugars by photosynthesis |
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Measure oxygen in each, incubate for 12 hours, under constant conditions
-light-more oxygen
-dark-less oxygen |
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| Amount of phytoplankton in an area |
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Small fish
Herring
Anchovy
Sardine |
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| Phytoplankton at surface die - sink to bacterial compositon (proteins) - bacterial clusters - 1 celled organisms - zooplankton |
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| Larval crustaceans (nauplius) |
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| Important: Large surface area, gas floats, thin muscles |
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| Arrow worms: eats copopods |
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| Set of organisms at sea surface |
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Open water species, reproduces asexually
Brown alga |
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Bryozoans
Hydroids: Eaten by Nudi Branch's |
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Portunus Crab
Sargassum Fish (Histrio) |
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Mola mola
Lot of parasites
Largest 18 ft |
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| Fish have what kind of symmetry |
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| Open Sea fish must stay in |
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Many Migrate
Swim Bladder
Strong Muscles-Retain body heat
Countercurrent circualtion in gills
Muscles can have myoglobin
Some have keels, can have finlets
Tunas, swordfish, marlin, mahi mahi |
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| What do some sharks use for buoyancy |
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| Cartilaginous Fish Facts (3) |
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CaCO3-Teeth
Sharks-multiple gills
Live birth or eggs |
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| Lives in cold seas and eats plankton |
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| Great White shark lives in |
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| Flattened, feed on clams, crabs, etc |
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Agnatha
Lampreys: parasites
Hagfish: scaveners
(no side fins on either) |
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CaCO3 in skeleton
1 gill slit
flexible side fins |
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| Rest on seafloor but swims well |
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Snappers
Groupers
Specialists: Butterfly Fish, Angel Fish, Damsel Fish |
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| Flounders, Catfish, Redfish, Sea Trout |
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| Male carries eggs, broods and gives birth |
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Blenny
Sculpin
Skillet Fish |
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| Ventral fins form sucking disk |
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Can be photic zone
Phytoplankton near surface
Most productivity near shore or in upwelling region
Most open-sea fisheries |
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No live phytoplankton
Food sources: bacteria, bacerial loop |
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Copopods
Other Crustaceans
True Shrimp (Derapoda)
Krill (Euphousiacea)
Opossum shrimp (Mysidacea) |
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Medusae
Larger shrimp
Small fishes (lantern and hatchet)
Cephalopods |
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viperfish
Anglerfish
Large Squids |
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1000m
Strong thermocline-little mixing |
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Counter currents
Antarctic bottom water |
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Small particles in water
Increase in biomass at or near oxygen minimum zone |
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Much less food
Colder, no light
Increased pressure |
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Buoyancy Needed
Some migrate vertically day-night |
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| Congregation of fishes, medusae, squids, etc that migrate |
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| Active swimming, swim bladder with fats, oil droplets or fats in crustaceans, thin and/or flat-eel larvae, weak bones, few or no hard part but can use pigments in support |
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| Lg mouths, ways to capture prey securly- teeth, stinging cells,elaborate filtering mechanisms, claws, suckers, can have vibration detectors, chemosensors, eyes:adapted for light |
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Find mate by chemo sensation
Light patterns
Can form schools or groups
Dolphins and sperm whales dive deep for squids |
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| How to study Bathypelagic |
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Critter cams: Cameras attached to animals
Remote Operated Vehicles (ROV) or remote cameras |
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Suctions Devices or pressurized cans or ROVd
Deep water trawl: Isaac's-kidd midwater trawl (IKMWT)
MOCNESS (Multiple opening and closing net enviornmental sampling system |
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