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| is just the base of the food chain, algae, everything in the ocean ges energy from it. Eaten by zooplankton, have the higest concentration in coastal areas |
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| what are autrophs capable of |
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| capable of converting inorganic carbon to organic carbon without using preformed matter as an energy source |
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| most important in photosynthesis (bacteria-sized) |
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| blue green algae, prokaryote, the most primitive autotroph. |
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| The smallest and most abundant photosynthetic organism on earth, small and bacteria sized prokaryote cells. Were very difficult to discover until sophisticated microscopes came out |
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| Synechococus and Prochlorococcus |
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Definition
| responsible for at least half of the photosynthesis among oceanic plankton |
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| water column with enough light for photosynthesis to take place |
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| free living prokaryote forms colonies about 1-3 mm in size. Like adding fertilizer to water |
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| lives on diatoms in a symbiosis (each organism recieves some benefit from each other). Another type of unicelluar phytoplankton. Richelia use the diatoms to float. |
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| is the conversion of gaseous nitrogen into ammonium and then used in synthesis of amino acids and then proteins. can only be done by some prokaryotes such as certain species of bacteria. |
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| what makes Eukaryote Phytoplankton |
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Definition
| have chloroplasts and mitochondria. No N2 fixation. More elaborate cell walls and may have flagella |
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| link up in chains used to stop sinkage. Build shells made of silica. Very populous in cold waters, but need a supply of silicon in the water to make cell walls |
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| what are the characteristics of Dinoflagellates |
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Definition
| have two flagella which propel them in a corkscrew motion. Photosynthesize near surface during day, then go to deep water for nutrients at night. Have a cell wall amde of cellulose plates. Produce toxins as well, THE REASON of toxic red tides |
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| coral relationship with dinoflag |
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Definition
| live symbiotically with coral, and are a major source of energy for the coral |
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| occurs when water temps get so high that the dinoflagellates swim away from the coral, thus making hte coral most likely perish |
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| what do coccolithophorids do, and what are their plates made out of |
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Definition
| make the ocean turn white, plates made of calcium carbonate |
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| 200 m-1000 m (little light) |
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| 1000-4000m (no light, cold) |
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| 4000m-6000m (just above freezing) |
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| what are some examples of primary producers |
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Definition
| phytoplankton, macroalgae, seagrasses and mangroves |
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| what is the determination of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| availability of light and in other areas availability of nutrients |
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| what is the percentage of phytoplankton light consumption |
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Definition
| .1 percent us of the light hitting the sea surface |
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| photosynthesis ceases when? |
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Definition
| at below the depth of the 1% light level |
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| how far can light penetrate in open ocean water? |
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| states that as plants grow and they use nutrients, usually one nutrient will become depleted and eventually will become limiting to growth. (Depending where you go, the nutrients could be nitrogen, phosphorus or iron) or the BUCKET!!!! |
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Definition
| dead organic material. Bacteria remineralizes it. |
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| why is the euphotic zone usually depleted of nitrogen? |
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| phytoplankton absorb it for their own protein synthesis |
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| where does the high concentration of nitrate come from? |
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Definition
| The high concentration of nitrate comes from breakdown of fecal pellets and other organic matter by bacteria. |
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Definition
| is the process whereby plant and animal matter is decomposed and dissolved by bacteria, and it occurs both in the euphotic zone and in deep water. This process releases nutrients for phytoplankton |
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| In temperate seas, nutrients come to the surface from deep water when the thermocline breaks down in winter. In spring, with the increase in sunlight, phytoplankton photosynthesize rapidly so that by summer they deplete the nutrients. |
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| the ocean has MUCH MUCH MORE what than land? |
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Definition
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| whats the keystone species in the antarctic? |
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Definition
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| Why as you go from trophic level to trophic level that the biomass decreases? |
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Definition
| This is because 1) energy is lost in the metabolism of the organisms and 2) release of fecal matter. |
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| why do upwelling areas have the highest energy |
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Definition
| short food chains so there is less energy loss, and has a higher transfer effiency (20%) |
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| whast the percetnage of efficiency for coastal waters? |
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Definition
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| whats the percentage high energy of open ocean water? |
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| true leaves, stems and roots which are present in higher plants |
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| complete body of macroalgae is called? |
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Definition
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| gas filled bladders that help suspend the macroalgae in the euphotic zone |
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| what does macroalgae attach to? |
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Definition
| a substrate with a holdfast that anchors the alga |
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Definition
| is the stem-like structure between the holdfast and blades. Unlike the stem of higher plants, stipe lacks tissues for transport of nutrients or water. |
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| Chlorophyll A is the ___ pigment in... |
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Definition
| the dominant pigmnt in green algae |
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Definition
| These are more advanced than the Greens and they have pneumatocysts and holdfasts and stipes. Almost all brown-algae are marine. Yellow-brown synthetic pigments obscure the cholorophyll a |
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| how do macroalgae reproduce? |
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Definition
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| giant kelp, can grow longer than a redwood. Do not like warm water. Can only grow 20-30 m, cant grow any deeper cuz no light can reach it |
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| a commercially important genus used for making nori.Mangroves roots breathe by pumping air into the roots |
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| what is Carrageenan made out of? |
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| a thickener which is found in many processed foods but also in ice cream, paints & cosmetics |
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| a brown alga, which has no holdfasts and floats for its entire life.has fish, shrimp and other organisms which blend in with it and hide among the fronds |
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| attachment places for shellfish, and hiding places for fish. They continuously drop leaves, thus enriching these coastal microzones. |
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| spends most of its time out of water catching insects. It gets oxygen from the air through its gills. |
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| Because mangroves are constantly dropping their leaves, bacteria constantly break down the leaves,The detritus then adds organic matter to sediments and the sediments become anaerobic. Thus there is little life within the sediments, but lots of activity on the roots and in the water. |
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Definition
are also primary producers in coastal areas,important in many shallow water areas, especially protected bays & These are flowering plants which are grass like in appearance but are not related to true grasses.
Eelgrass (Zostera) is important in temperate and cold waters of the Atlantic & Pacific.
Turtlegrass (Thalassia) is found in tropical waters
estuaries, |
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Term
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Definition
Animals with limited ability to swim, usually of microscopic size
An important link between the primary producer trophic level and higher trophic levels |
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Term
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Definition
| first trophic level consists of the “primary producers, second trophic level are the herbivores which feed on the phytoplankton,third trophic level consists of carnivores, the animals which feed on the herbivores etc etc |
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Definition
| organisms which spend their whole life as plankton |
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| organisms which have only part of their life cycle in the plankton. An example is larvae of barnacles or crabs. Many benthic organisms have part of their life cycle as meroplankton.About 70% of benthic organisms have a planktonic stage |
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Definition
| attach themselves to something solid and spend their adult life there. In order to colonize other habitats, they have a planktonic larva which are part of the meroplankton |
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| Lobsters, Starfish, and Oysters are? |
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Definition
| meroplankton, during their larvae stage. |
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| Benthic polychaetes and mollusks |
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Definition
| produce a trochophore larvae suggesting that they have a common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
Microzooplankton 20-200 ?m
Mesozooplankton 200 ?m-2 mm
Macrozooplankton 2-20 mm |
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| diverse classes of zooplanktonic holoplankton |
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Definition
Crustacea (copepods, krill, many meroplankton
Cnidaria (siphonophores, medusa)(i.e. JELLYFISH)
Molluscs (pteropods)
Appendicularians (salps & larvaceans)
Ctenophores (comb jellies) |
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Term
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Definition
| are members of the phylum Arthropoda. Examples of Crustacea are: lobsters, shrimp, copepods and crabs. The arthropods include 80% of all animal species on Earth and include spiders, scorpions, insects, mites, millipedes, centipedes etc. |
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| dominate the “net plankton” and make up about 70% of this group of zooplankton, Some copepods are herbivores and eat phytoplankton,most are carnivores and eat other zooplankton. |
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Definition
| refers to those organisms which can be caught in a plankton net |
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Definition
| are related to jellyfish and basically are “jet propelled” jellies. They filter plankton, and few organisms eat them |
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| Appendicularians (LARVACEANS |
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Definition
Chordates (Phylum Chordata) which are closely related to benthic tunicates (sea squirts)
Because they resemble larval stages of benthic species they are called larvaceans, Look like a tadpole. Can build new house in 10 min
Builds a mucous house and filter to collect food. Filter becomes clogged and is discarded (ca 10X/day),Contribute to “marine snow.” |
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Definition
| Chordates and are in the same phylum that we are in |
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| Arrow worms and Pteropods |
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Definition
| marine plankton, prey on other zooplankton. |
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Definition
| Allows animals to eat in euphotic zone at night and escape predation in deeper waters, Cooler deep waters also slows metabolism. |
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Definition
single celled animals,eat the smallest phytoplankton and also eat bacteria.
important, since such a high fraction of primary productivity is done by the smallest phytoplankton, if nothing ate this fraction, this would not be passed on to the next trophic level |
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Definition
involves the use of DOM for growth by bacteria, Bacteria are then eaten by microzooplankton.
Some microzooplankton eaten by larger zooplankton but most release more DOM which is taken up by bacteria forming a loop |
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