Term
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Definition
| Choosing a goal and developing a method or strategy to achieve that goal |
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Term
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Definition
Intensified Effort
Persistence
Direction
Creation of task
Strategies |
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Term
| What are pitfalls of planning? |
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Definition
Impede change/slow adaptation
Create false sense of security
Detachment of Planners |
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Term
| How to make a plan that works |
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Definition
Setting goals
Developing commitment to the goals
Developing effective action plans
Tracking progress toward goal achievement
Maintaining flexibility in planning |
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Term
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Definition
Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Timely |
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Term
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Definition
Determination to achieve a goal
Managers and employees choose goals together
Make goal public
Obtain top management support |
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Term
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Definition
Steps (How)
People (Who)
Resources (What)
Time (When) |
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Term
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Definition
Long and short term goals
gather and provide performance feedback |
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Term
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Definition
| Keep options open by making small simultaneous investments in many alternative plans |
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Term
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Definition
| Cushion of resources such as extra time, people, money, or production capacity that can be used to address and adapt to unanticipated changes, problems, or opportunities |
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Term
| Application of slack resources |
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Definition
| Holding options open gives you choices, and choices combined with slack resources give you flexibility |
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Term
| Planning from top to bottom |
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Definition
Top managers
Middle managers
first-level managers |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Tactical Plans
Management by Objectives |
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Term
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Definition
operational Plans
standing plans
Single use plans |
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Term
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Definition
| make clear how the company will serve customers and position itself against competitors in the next two years to five years |
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Term
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Definition
| Often referred to as an organizational mission or vision, statement of a company's purpose or reason for existing |
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Term
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Definition
| Flows from purpose is a more specific goal that unifies company wide efforts, stretches and challenges the organization and possesses a finish line and a time frame |
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Term
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Definition
| Specify how a company will use resources , budgets, and people to accomplish specific goals related to its strategic objective for the next five years |
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Term
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Definition
4 step process in which managers and their employees discuss:
Goals
Collectively set goals
Jointly develop tactical plans
Meet regularly to review progress |
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Term
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Definition
| Day to day plans for producing or delivering the organizations products and services |
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Term
| 3 kinds of operational Plans |
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Definition
Single use Plans
Standing Plans
Budgets |
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Term
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Definition
| Deal with unique one time only events |
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Term
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Definition
| Save managers time because once the plans are created they can be used repeatedly to handle frequently recurring events |
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Term
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Definition
| Quantitive Planning because it forces managers to decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals to bets accomplish goals |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of choosing a solution from available alternatives |
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Term
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Definition
| Systematic process in which managers define problems, evaluate alternatives and choose optimal solutions that provide maximum benefits tot heir organizations |
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Term
| Steps to Rational Decision Making |
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Definition
Define the problem
Identify Decision Criteria
Weight the Criteria
Generate alternative courses of action
Evaluate each alternative
Compute the optimal decision
Limits to rational decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| Exists when there is a gap between a desired state (what is wanted) and an existing state (situation you are actually facing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Standards used to guide judgements and decisions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In which each criterion is compared with a standard or ranked on its own merits |
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Term
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Definition
| In which each criterion is compared directly with every other criterion |
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Term
| Generate Alternative Courses of Action |
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Definition
| Generate as many alternatives as possible |
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Term
| Evaluate each Alternative |
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Definition
| Take much longer and be much more expensive than other steps in the decision making process |
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Term
| Compute the Optimal decision |
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Definition
| Determining the optimal value of each alternative |
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Term
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Definition
Choosing the best alternative
Does not happen all the time |
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Term
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Definition
| Choosing a good enough alternative |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in highly cohesive groups when group members feel intense pressure to agree with each other so that the group can approve proposed solution |
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Term
| Pitfalls of Groupthink - 1 |
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Definition
Limit number of solutions
Restricts discussion of any considered solutions |
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Term
| Pitfalls of Groupthink - 2 |
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Definition
Takes considerable time
rare that they hold meetings consistently |
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Term
| Pitfalls of Groupthink - 3 |
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Definition
Sometimes one or two people [erhaps the boss or a strong willed, vocal group memnber can dominate group discussions and limit the groups consideration of different problem definitions and alternative solutions
may not feel accountable |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive conflict-focuses on problem and issue related differences of opinion |
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Term
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Definition
| Affective conflict refers to the emotional reactions that can occur when disagreements become personal rather than professional |
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Term
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Definition
| Approach can be used to create c type conflict by assigning an individual or a subgroup the role of critic |
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Term
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Definition
GENERATE POTENTIAL SOLUTION
CRITICIZE AND QUESTION THE SOLUTION
PRESENT TO KEY DECISION MAKERS
ADDITIONAL RELEVEVANT INFORMATION
DECIDE WHETHER TO CHANGE OR NOT TO USE THE ORIGINALLY PROPOSED SOLUTION |
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Term
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Definition
| Begins with quiet time in which group members independently write down as many problem definitions and alternative solutions as possible |
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Term
| Nominal Group technique improves |
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Definition
| Group decision making by decreasing a type conflict, and restricts c type conflict |
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Term
| Nominal Group techniques produce |
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Definition
| Better ideas than those produced by traditional groups |
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Term
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Definition
| The members of a panel of experts respond to questions and to each other until reaching agreement on an issue |
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Term
| Reaching agreement in Delphi Technique |
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Definition
Assemble a panel of experts
Create questionnaire of open ended questions
Written responses, analyzed, summarized and fed back to until agreement is reached |
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Term
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Definition
The more ideas the better
all ideas are acceptable
Other group ideas should used to come up more
Criticism of others is not allowed |
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