Details Title: management 160 first midterm Description: yea Total Flash Cards: 30 Created: 10/15/2008 21:37:56		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Management Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Productivity Definition a performance measure that includes effectiveness (achievement of goals) and efficiency (ratio of output to the input required to achieve it) Term Absenteeism Definition the failure to report to work; huge cost and disruption to employers Term Turnover Definition the voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an organization; high turnover rate results in increased recruiting and training costs; hinders company’s effectiveness Term Organizational citizenship (behavior) Definition a discretionary behavior that is not part of an employees’ formal job requirements but promotes the effective functioning of the organization; going beyond expectations Term Job satisfaction Definition a positive feeling about one’s job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics; represents an attitude rather than a behavior; dependent variable - ALL controlled by independent variables; individual-level, group-level and organization system-level Term Cognitive dissonance Definition any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitude; individuals will attempt to reduce the dissonance and seek a stable state, in which there is a minimum of dissonance Term Locus of control Definition a person’s beliefs about what causes the good or bad results of their life, either in a general or specific area of life Term Personality Definition the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others; determined by our heredity; described in terms of measurable terms a person exhibits Term Attitudes Definition evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects people or events; casually related to behavior; determine what people do. Term Values Definition basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence; carry a judgmental element in that they carry an individual’s ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable Term Hofstede's framework Definition five dimensions of culture: 1) power distance – the degree in which people accept power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally, high power distance means inequality is tolerated; 2) individualism (acting as individual rather than in a group) versus collectivism (tight, social framework where people look after each other); 3) masculinity versus femininity – high masculinity means men dominate society with separate roles for women, high femininity means women and men are equal; 4) uncertainty avoidance – the degree in which people prefer structured over unstructured situations; 5) long-term versus short-term orientation – focuses on degree of a society’s long-term devotion to traditional values Term Big Five Model Definition a personality assessment model that taps five basic dimensions: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness to experience Term Perception Definition a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment; people’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself Term Attribution theory Definition an attempt to determine whether an individual’s behavior is internally or externally caused; based on three factors: distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency; internally caused are under the personal control; externally caused are what the situation forced the individual to do Term Motivation Definition the processes that account for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal; key elements are intensity, direction and persistence Term McClelland’s theory of needs Definition -- all subconscious and immeasurable - nAch (need for achievement) – the drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards; to strive to succeed; high achievers are strongly motivated - nPow (need for power) – the need to make others behave in a way in which they would not have behaved otherwise - nAff (need for affiliation) – the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships Term Goal setting theory Definition says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance Term MBO (management by objectives) Definition a program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, that are tangible, verifiable and measurable, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress; usually translated into specific objectives for each level in the organization Term ESOP (employee stock ownership plans) Definition a company-established benefits plan in which employees acquire stock, often at below-market prices, as part of their benefits Term OB Mod Definition the application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting; follows a five step problem-solving model; 1) identify critical behaviors, 2) develop baseline data; 3) identify behavioral consequences, 4) develop and implement an intervention strategy, 5) evaluate performance improvement Term Self-monitoring Definition a personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors; high self-monitors tend to pay closer attention to the behavior of others and are more capable of conforming than are low self-monitors; high self-monitors can present contradicting public and private personalities Term Expectancy theory – Definition a theory that says that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual; ex: a n employee will be motivated to work at a high level of effort when they believe that effort will lead to rewards Term Employee involvement plans Definition a participative process that uses the input of employees and is intended to increase employee commitment to an organization’s success Term Rational decision making Definition a model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome; takes 6 steps: 1) define the problem, 2) identify the decision criteria, 3) allocate weights to the criteria, 4) develop the alternatives, 5) evaluate the alternatives, 6) select the best alternative Term Creativity Definition the ability to produce novel and useful ideas; allows the decision maker to more fully understand the problem, including ones others can’t see Term Bounded rationality Definition a process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity; we choose the first acceptable solution rather than the most optimal one Term Decision style Definition rational vs. intuitional decision making Term Emotions Definition intense feelings that are directed at someone or something; more fleeing than moods Term Moods Definition feelings that tend to be less intense that emotions and that are usually not directed at a person or event Term Organizational Behavior Definition a field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups, and structure have on behavior within organizations, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization's effectiveness.