Term
| What are the components of the male reproductive system? |
|
Definition
| -paired testis, a penis, ducts that extend from the testes through the penis, and several exocrine glands (accessory glands) |
|
|
Term
| The testes are contained in a _________. Within this structure, the testes are enclosed in layers of serous membranes that constitute the __________. The superficial serous mem is the ________ layer and the deep is the _________. |
|
Definition
-scrotum
-tunica vaginalis
-parietal
-visceral |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Tunica albuginea |
|
Definition
| -the dense CT capsule of the testes |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Mediastinum testis |
|
Definition
-the continuation of the tunica albuginea capsule into the testis on the posterior aspect
-further diveds into septa (septuli testis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -in the epi lining of the seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| Outline the series of ducts in which sperm move |
|
Definition
| seminiferous tubules=> tubuli recti=> rete testis=? ductuli efferentes=> converge to form epididymis (a convoluted duct)=> vas deferens=> urethra |
|
|
Term
| Each testis is suspended at the end of tissue called the __________. This structure contains what? |
|
Definition
-spermatic cord
--vas deferens, blood vessels, nn, and a skeletal m (cremaster m) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the cremaster m? |
|
Definition
| -used to pull testis up near the body or lower it to control temperature |
|
|
Term
| The aa and vv of the spermatic cord are closely interwoven in a complex named the __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is folded around the other components of the spermatic cord. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two functions of the pampiniform plexus? |
|
Definition
-proximity of venous blood lowers temp of incoming arterial blood
-counter current apparatus to collect a portion of the hormones secreted by testicular cells and route them back into the testis so they can affect cells there |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Peritubular Myoid Cells |
|
Definition
| -cells with characteristics of muscle cells that are part of the layers that encase the seminiferous tubules |
|
|
Term
| What happens to stem cells that differentiate into sperm? |
|
Definition
-stem cells at the basement membrane that proliferate by mitosis
-move from the basal layer toward the lumen of the tubule, first undergoing meiosis and then differentiate into sperm |
|
|
Term
| In the adult, seminiferous tubules contain what kind of epi? What are its cellular components? |
|
Definition
-stratified
-Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of myoid cells? |
|
Definition
| -contract to help propel the sperm along the lumen of the tubule |
|
|
Term
| Sperm cells are formed from what kind of cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At all stages of differentiation, the spermatogenic cells are in contact with the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: A single Sertoli cell extends from the basement membrane to the lumen of te tuble. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Sertoli cells? |
|
Definition
| -endocrine cells that secrete inhibin: acts at the level of the pituitary to reduce the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 parts of a mature sperm cell? |
|
Definition
-Head: contains nuclease, haploid
-Midpiece: contains mit (provide ATP for flagellar motion)
-Flagellum: microtubules cin center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a Golgi-derived secretory granule that covers the anterior 2/3 of spermatic nucleus
-contains enzymes and releases them just before fertilization |
|
|
Term
Definition; Spermatogenesis
-what are its 3 divisions? |
|
Definition
-the sequence by which stem cells become mature sperm
-Spermatocytogenesis, Meiosis, Spermiogeness |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Spermatocytogenesis |
|
Definition
-stem cells (type A spermatogonia) divide mitotically t replace themselves and to produce cells that begin differentiation
-cells have spherical or oval nuclei and rest on basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells in prophase of the first meiotic division are _________ |
|
Definition
-primary spermatocytes (numerous)
-have obvious condensed chromosomes and an intermediate position in epi |
|
|
Term
| The first spermatic meiotic division produces _________ |
|
Definition
| -secondary spermatocytes (very few in number) |
|
|
Term
Definition: Spermatids
-histologically describe them |
|
Definition
-the products of the second meiotic division
-spherical cells with interphase nuc
-positioned high in epi |
|
|
Term
| Spermatid progeny cells remain attached to each other by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition: Spermiogenesis |
|
Definition
-differentiation of spherical spermatids into sperm
-includes: acrosome formation, flagellar apparatus formation, separation of most excess cytoplasm (the residual body) and left in the Sertoli cell |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Spermatogenic Cycle |
|
Definition
| -the process beginning with spermatogonia and ending with the release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule |
|
|
Term
| Describe the contents of the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| -loose CT containing fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and Leydig cells (interstitial cells), blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of Leydig cells? What hormone controls their secretion? |
|
Definition
-secrete androgens
-controlled by luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Large molecules can easily pass between the blood and the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. |
|
Definition
| FALSE: cannot due to tight junctions between the endothelial cells of the bloodperitubular myoid cells and Sertoli cells of the blood-testis barrier |
|
|
Term
| Where are spermatogonia located in the seminiferous tubule? And the more mature forms? |
|
Definition
-basal compartment (dep to the level of the Sertoli cell tight junction)
-luminal side of tight junctions: the adlumenal compartment |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the blood-testis barrier? |
|
Definition
-auto-immune reaction
-prevents passage of sperm antigens into the blood |
|
|
Term
| True or False: A male animal is capable of making antibodies against his own sperm. |
|
Definition
| TRUE, results in infertility |
|
|
Term
| What are the ducts that follow the seminiferous tubules? |
|
Definition
| -tubuli recti, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, and vas deferens |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Tubulus recti |
|
Definition
| -duct located at the beginning of the rete testis (similar in structure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -network of epithelial-lined channelsthat follows the tubulus recti |
|
|
Term
Defintion: Efferent ductules
-describe the epi |
|
Definition
-follows the rete testis
-epi= ciliated simple columnar epi (appears scalloped) |
|
|
Term
Definition: Epididymis
-describe epi |
|
Definition
-follows the efferent ductules
-epi is pseudostratified and contains tall principal cells (with stereocilia) and short basal cells
-lots of smooth m tissue in wall |
|
|
Term
| What are the divisions of the epididymis? Where are mature sperm sotred? |
|
Definition
-caput (head), corpus (body), cauda (tail)
-mature sperm are stored in the cauda and the vas deferns |
|
|
Term
Definition: Vas deferens
-describe epi
-where are mature sperm located? |
|
Definition
-follow the epididiymis
-mucosal epi is deeply folded to allow for expansion; pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia
-lots of smooth m in wall
-lumen contains mature sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -the expanded ends of the vasa deferentes |
|
|
Term
| What are accessory glands in the male? What are the major accessory glands? |
|
Definition
-exocrine glands that contribute material to the ejaculate by secreting into the urethra
-seminal vesicles/vesicular glands, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands (Copwer's glands) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the accessory glands? |
|
Definition
-providing metabolic substrates for sperm (fructose)
-stuff to plug the female tract to decrease the loss of sperm after mating |
|
|
Term
| _ that have secretory units of what kind of epi? |
|
Definition
-branched tubuloalveolar glands
-simple columnar epi |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of seminal vesicles? |
|
Definition
| -produce a white, viscous secretion that contains fructose and compound that form a vaginal plug |
|
|
Term
| Outline seminal vesicle secretion |
|
Definition
| -the CT capsule contains smooth m cells that are stimulated to contract by symp neurons during ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| True or False: All animals have seminal vesicles. |
|
Definition
| FALSE, carnivores lack them |
|
|
Term
| What are the two portions of the prostate gland? |
|
Definition
| -body (corpus prostate) and disseminate portion (pars disseminate) |
|
|
Term
| Does the prostate body have a capsule? How about lobes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What portion of the prostate gland is most prominent on the dorsal surface of the urethra and extends around it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the glandular tissue in the prostate gland secrete? Why? |
|
Definition
-serous secretions
-promote sperm motility
=>in bull, contain fructose and citric acid |
|
|
Term
| Name a diagnostic feature for the prostate gland |
|
Definition
| -the lumens of he alveoli in the prostate often contain concretions of secretory material |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The prostate gland capsule contains smooth m cells that contract during ejaculation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the bulbourethral glands located? |
|
Definition
| -paired structures that are dorsolateral to the pelvic urethra |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the bulbourethral glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The urethra extends from the _________ to the _________ and carries _________. |
|
Definition
-urinary bladder
-exterior of the body
-carries both urine and semen |
|
|
Term
| What kind of epi lines the urethra? How does it change at the urethral orifice? |
|
Definition
-transitional epi lines
-other types observed in the penile urethra
-epi becomes stratified squamous |
|
|
Term
| The pelvic urethra has a tunica muscularis of what kind of muscle tissue? How does this compare to that in the penile urethra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the general components of the penis? |
|
Definition
-CT capsule
-erectile tissue
-smooth m: retractor penis m
-skeletal m: bulbocavernosus m
-penile portion of the urethra |
|
|
Term
| What does the erectile tissue include? |
|
Definition
| -sinuses surrounded by dense CT (tunica albuginea) |
|
|
Term
| The erectile sinuses inglude the ___________ (dorsal to the urethra) and the __________ which surrounds the urethra. |
|
Definition
-corpus cavernosum penis
-corpus spongiosum/corpus cavernosum urethrae |
|
|
Term
| What HISTOLOGICALLY occurs during an erection? When does it end? |
|
Definition
-the aa that open into the cavernous spaces dilate and blood flows into the spaces faster than it can flow out
-when the aa contract to dec rate of blood flow into the spaces |
|
|
Term
| What is special about the carnivore's penis? |
|
Definition
| -have a bone (os penis) near the distal end of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-paired structures for sperm production
-temp-dependent |
|
|
Term
_______ + ________ creates semen
What glands do this?
When does this occur? |
|
Definition
-Secretion
-Spermatozoa
-via exocrine glands/ accessory sex glands
-occurs during ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the testis? |
|
Definition
| -tunica vaginalis (parietal and visceral layers) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the tunica vaginalis of the testes |
|
Definition
-mesothelial lined
-Superficial layer= parietal layer
-Deep layer= visceral layers
-potential speace b/n the layers |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Tunica Albuginea of the testis |
|
Definition
| -CT capsule with septa, continuous with mediastinal testis (continuous with the capsule) |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Mediastinum testis |
|
Definition
| -mass of CT in the posterior region of the testis, continuous with the capsule |
|
|
Term
| Each lobule of the testis contains ______, the place of spermatogenesis (50 cm long) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testis biology is closely tied with what two factors? |
|
Definition
-tubule structure
-sperm production: spermatogenesis and development |
|
|
Term
| Outline the CT of the testis |
|
Definition
| tunica vaginalis (mesothelium)=> tunica albuginea (capsule)=> septa (ALCT)=> mediastinum testis (ALCT) |
|
|
Term
| Where is spermatogenesis initiated? How? |
|
Definition
-seminiferous tubules of the testis
-they have stem cells sitting on BM that combine with some progeny for lumen center, during this move cells differentiate into spermatids |
|
|
Term
| True or False: The interstitial tissue surrounding seminiferous tubules is not important in the process of spermatogenesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 basic types of spermatogenic cells? |
|
Definition
-Spermatids (superficial)
-Primary spermatocyte
-Spermatogonium |
|
|
Term
Definition: Sertoli cells
What is their histologically identifying feature? |
|
Definition
-extend from BM to lumen
-endocrine cells: secrete inhibin (PP hormone that acts on pituitary to control follicle stimulating hormone release)
-obvious, dark nucleolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -process by which cells divide to produce daughter cells- each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -process by which cells divide to produce daughter cells, with each daughter cell has half the number of chromosomes as parent cell |
|
|
Term
| Outline the 3 phases of spermatid development |
|
Definition
-Phase I: stem cells (type A spermatogonia) mitotically divide to replace themselves; daughter cells= spermatogonium type B
-Phase 2: Meiosis; spermatogonium prepares for 1st division by enlarging and condensing chromosomes
-Phase III: differentiation of spermatids into elongated spermatids, flagellar apparatus forsm nucleus condenses, acrosome forms |
|
|
Term
| Outline the Meiosis in Phase II spermatid development |
|
Definition
-Preparation: initial cellular replication of chromosomes:
-Regular cells= 2n chromosomes
-These cells= 4n chromosomes
-Spermatogonium prepares for 1st division by enlarging and condensing chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Compare/Contrast; First and Second divisions in meiosis of Phase II of spermatid development |
|
Definition
-First division: chromosome reduced by half; very short stage and rarely seen in section
-Second: Chromosome reduced by half again, thus chromosomes end up in 4 daughter cells (spermatids); higher position in epi |
|
|
Term
| Early spermatids are (round/flattened) and become (round/flattened) with maturation. All progeny (remain attached/separate) until completely mature. |
|
Definition
-round
-flattened
-remain attached bia cytoplasmic bridges |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the excess cytoplasm when spermatids differentiate into elongated spermatids? What phase of spermatid development does this occur during? |
|
Definition
-left with Sertoli cells
-Phase III |
|
|
Term
| Definition and length: Spermatogenic cycle |
|
Definition
-from spermatogonia to release of spermatids in lumen
-man usually around 1.5-2 m |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the interstitial tissue in the testis? |
|
Definition
-Peritubular myoid cells: similar to smooth m, contractions help move sperm in tubule (similar to myoepi cells)
-Leydig cells: secrete testosterone
-Lymph and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Blood-Testis Barrier? |
|
Definition
-to prevent mature sperm from provoking an immune response
-to differentiate self from foreigh molecules develops early in life before puberty |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Autoimmune orchitis |
|
Definition
| -an immune rxn illiceted by mature sperm appearing at puberty, causes reduced fertility |
|
|
Term
| The Blood-Testis Barrier serves as a _________ area in which (small/large) molecules cannot exchange between tubular lumen and the blood. Barriers similar to this can be found where? |
|
Definition
-innunologic protected
-large
-thymus, brain, eye |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main structural components of the Blood-Testis Barrier? |
|
Definition
| -tight junctions b/n Sertoli cells and endothelial cells and peritubular myoid cells |
|
|
Term
| In the duct system of the male repro organs, spermatids are moved by _______ of wall of tubules, _______ secretion, and _______ in efferent duct (ductuli efferentes) and in some species rete testis. |
|
Definition
-contractions
-fluid
-cilia |
|
|
Term
| Outline the path of spermatids from the seminiferous tubules to the urethra. |
|
Definition
| tubuli recta (straight tubules, short)=> rete testis (channels through CT of mediastinum testis)=> efferent ductules/ductuli efferentes=> epididymis=> ductus (vas) deferens leads to urethra |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of the epididymis? |
|
Definition
-caput/head
-body/corpus
-tail/cauda |
|
|
Term
| The Tubuli Recti is lined by ______ cells, thus giving (consistent/variable) epi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histologically describe the Rete Testis |
|
Definition
-tortuous channels lined yb simle squamous ei to cuboidal to low columnar
-have microvilli +/- cilia |
|
|
Term
| Histologically describe the Efferent Ductules (ductuli efferentes) |
|
Definition
| -ciliated simple columnar that alternates with short cells with microvilli (makes it appear scalloped) |
|
|
Term
| Histologically describe the Epididymis |
|
Definition
-pseudostratified columnar epi
-tall cell= principal cell: have stereocilia
-shrot cells= basal cells
-inc SM in wall in tail of the epididymis
-spermatids develop motility |
|
|
Term
| Histologically describe the Vas Deferens (ductus deferens) |
|
Definition
| -mucosal epi= seudostratified columnar + sterocilia |
|
|
Term
| Definition and components: Spermatic cord |
|
Definition
-tissue suspending the testis
-Components: tunica vaginalis, vas deferens (deferent duct), blood vessels (testicular v/a in pampiniform plexus), cremaster m |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the Cremaster m in the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
| =pulls testes up or relaxes them down for testicular temperature regulation |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pampiniform plexus? |
|
Definition
| -to have heat transfer b/n venous and aa to maintain temperature for spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the general functions of the Spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
-temperature regulation: via nn and aa
-spermatogenesis |
|
|
Term
| Temperature in the testis is ___-___ degrees (above/below) body temp. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -widened area where the vas deferens joins urethra |
|
|
Term
| Outline the general pathway from the vas deferens to the urethra in the bull, ram, and stallion |
|
Definition
| vas deferens/ampulla joins the excretory duct of the vesicular (seminal) gland=> ejaculatory duct=> urethra |
|
|
Term
| Outline the general pathway from the vas deferens to the urethra in the boar, cat, and dob |
|
Definition
-vas deferense empties directly into urethra
-LACK VESICULAR GLAND |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of accessory glands in male repro? |
|
Definition
-Vesicular (seminal): paired, not found in carnivores
-Prostate: a portion that can be paired
-Bulbourethral (Cowper's): paired, not found in dogs |
|
|
Term
| What are the general functions of the accessory glands? |
|
Definition
-add volume to ejaculate
-add fructose
-add gelling or clooting-like cpds
-add proteins, peptides, to enhance sperm function |
|
|
Term
| Sperm become motile in the _____ of the epididymis but the accessory gland fluid (seminal fluid) increases the _____ of the spermatozoa to (inc.dec) motility and (inc/dec) the volume of ejaculate to enter female repro tract as a bolus and to lubricate male's urethra. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Seminal fluid is both mucous and serous in content. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: the accessory glands of the male repro tract can only be compound branched tubular glands. |
|
Definition
| FALSE, compound branched tubular or tubuloacinar |
|
|
Term
| Describe the secretory unit epi of the accessory glands of the male repro tract. |
|
Definition
| -simple columnar or pseudostratified columnar epi |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Smooth m in stroma of accessory glands contracts with ejaculation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of Seminal vesicle/vesicular glands in male repro tract |
|
Definition
-secrete fructose
-secretions form vaginal plug in mice and some primates
-central duct=> excretory duct + ductus deferens=> ejaculatory duct=> urethra |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the male prostate? Describe them. |
|
Definition
-Body (corpus prostate): encapsulated, lobed gland dorsal to urethra that can be paired in horses and carnivors
-Disseminated (pars disseminate) in tunica submucosa of urethra, mostly on dorsal aspect but also surrounds it, serous glands that calcify with age |
|
|
Term
| Definition and Histological description: Bulbourethral gland |
|
Definition
-found dorsolateral to urethra, absent in dogs
-mucus secretions in most species
-simple columnar epi
-pre-ejaculatory fluid
-paired=> ducts coalesce=> empty into pelvic urethra as single duct
-function to clean out urethra or lubricate vagina |
|
|
Term
| Decscrbe the epi lining of the pelvic and penile urethra |
|
Definition
-Pelvic: mostly transitional epi
-Penile: regions of psudocolumnar or stratified columnar epi
-at orifice: changes to stratified squamous |
|
|
Term
| Describe the tunica muscularis if the pelvic and penile urethras |
|
Definition
-Pelvic: layer of skeletal m
-Penile: layer of smooth m |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the erectile tissue in male repro tract? |
|
Definition
-blood sinuses surrounded by dense CT (tunica albuginea)
-corpus spongiosum: part encircling urethra
-corpus cavernosum penis: dorsal to urethra |
|
|
Term
| During an erection, blood flows into sinuses by _______ a and out via ______ drainage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What histologically occurs during an erection? |
|
Definition
| -SM in wall of helicrine a relaxes and blood flow in, sinuses can't empty fast enough and fill with blood, some venous outflow compression aiding accumulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -contraction of SM in vas deferens, accessory gland stroma, and bulbospongiousus (m around urethra) |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Bulbospongousus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -bone near distal end of penis in carnivores |
|
|
Term
| Compare/contrast the amount of erectile tissue b/n bull/ram/boar and stallion/dog/tom cat |
|
Definition
-bull/ram/boar= dec amt of erectile tissue
-stallion/dog/tom cat= inc amt of erectile tissue |
|
|
