Term
| What are the 4 major abnormalities that occur with the testis? |
|
Definition
-developmental abnormalities
-degeneration
-orchitis
-neoplasia |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common genital patholog of the male cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Definition: Cryptorchidism |
|
Definition
| -incomplete descent of testis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the three phases of tesicular descent? |
|
Definition
-PHase I: to ring, controlled by MUllerian INh Substance, Gubernaculum
-Phase II: through rng, controlled by physical abdominal pressure
-Phase III: To scrotum, controlled by androgens, Gubernaculum regresses |
|
|
Term
| Is bilateral or unilateral cryptorchidism more common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What special trend occurs in the horse with cryptorchidism? |
|
Definition
| -in the horse, the left is left behind |
|
|
Term
| What are some sequelae of cryptorchidism? |
|
Definition
| -degeneration, neoplasiai |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Testicular hypoplasia |
|
Definition
| -incomplete development of the testis that may result in poor sperm quality or sterility |
|
|
Term
| Is testicular hypoplasia usually bilateral or unilateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is testicular hypoplasia caught clinically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or FAlse: HYpoplastic testes are prone to degeneration and the conditions can be difficult to differentiate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some signs of testicular degeneration? |
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Definition
| -acute degeneration with initial swelling but later become fibrotic, mineralized, and small |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of testicular degeneration? |
|
Definition
-heat: fever or high ambient temp
-reduced blood flow
-obstructive lesions
-drug/chemical toxicity |
|
|
Term
| In which cases can testicular degeneration be reversible? |
|
Definition
| -iff basement membrane is still intact |
|
|
Term
| What does degeneration look like histologically? |
|
Definition
| -semineferous tubules are small or collapsed, multinucleated giant cells present, mineralization present, cellular debris present, spermatogonia lost, relative inc in Leydig cells, loss of differentiation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are lymphocytes found in healthy testes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| True or FAlse: The testis is an immuno-privileged sight. Why or why not? |
|
Definition
-TRUE
-has a blood-testis barrier |
|
|
Term
| What are the common causes of infectious orchitis in a bull? |
|
Definition
-Brucella abortus: suppurative and necrotizing orchitis
-Bluetongue virus
-Chlamydia psittaci
-Actinomyces pyogenes
-Mycobacterium spp
-NOcardia asteroides |
|
|
Term
| What are the common causes of infectious orchitis in the boar? |
|
Definition
-Brucella suis
-Pseudomonas pseudomallei |
|
|
Term
| What are the common causes of infectious orchitis in the stallion? |
|
Definition
-equine viral arteritis virus
-equine infectious anemia virus
-salmonella spp
-Strongylus edentatu |
|
|
Term
| What are the common causes of infectious orchitis in the dog? |
|
Definition
-Brucella canis
-Distemper virus
-E. coli
-Proteus vulgaris
-Pseudomonas pseudomallei |
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes of infectious orchitis in the ram? |
|
Definition
-Brucella ovis
-Chlamydia psittaci
-Corynebacterium ovis
-Sheeppox virus
-Bluetongue |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of infectious orchitis in the buck? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 primary neoplasias of the testis? |
|
Definition
-Seminoma
-Teratome
-Leydig cell tumor
-Sertoli cell tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of seminomas? From what do they originate? |
|
Definition
-msot common testicular neoplasm in aged stallion, second most common in dogs
-arise from sperm-forming cells in seminiferous tubules
-occurs more often in cryptorchid testes |
|
|
Term
| What do seminomas look like on cut section? Clinical signs? |
|
Definition
-appear gray-ish white, firm, and bulge on cut section
-testicular pain due to expansive growth may be the presenting sign |
|
|
Term
| From what do teratomas rishe? What is their significance? |
|
Definition
-arise from totipotential primaordial germ cells
-most common in young horses with cryptorchid testes |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of leydig cell tumros? What do they look like? |
|
Definition
-msot common testicular neoplasm in the dog and ubll
-well demarcated, tan to orange, expansile |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of leydig cell tumors? |
|
Definition
-always benign
-no clinical syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of sertoli cell tumors? WHat do they look like? |
|
Definition
-3rd most common testicular neoplasm in dogs
-firm, white, and lobulated |
|
|
Term
| Are sertoli cell tumors usually benign or metastatic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can dermatitis cause in the scrotum? CAuses? |
|
Definition
-testis deeneration
-Causes: trauma, temp, chemical irritants |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the neoplasias of the scrotum? |
|
Definition
| -MAST CELL TUMORS IN DOGS, melanomas, hemangiomas/hemangiosarcomas, papillomas, and SCC |
|
|
Term
| Describe the tunica vaginalis enbryologically. |
|
Definition
| -space b/n the parietal and visceral layers that is continuous with the peritoneal cavity. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Disease of the tunica vaginalis can arise from the peritoneum or extend from the testes or epididymis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals most commonly get mesotheliomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the tunica vaginalis |
|
|
Term
| What is in the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
| -artery, vein, vas deferencs |
|
|
Term
Definition: Varicocele
-clinical signs? |
|
Definition
-local dilation of the spermatic vein in the pampiniform plexus
-associated with dec fertility and testicular degeneration |
|
|
Term
| Where are varivoveles usually located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammaiton of the spermatic cord |
|
|
Term
| Which species are predisposed to chronic inflammation of the spermatic cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 mesonephric duct derivatives? |
|
Definition
-epididymis
-ductus deferens
-ampulla
-seminal vesicles |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the developmental anomalies that occur with the mesonephric duct derivatives? |
|
Definition
-atrophy
-failure of linkage (cyst)
-aplasia
-spermatocele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -dilated cystic cavity of sperm |
|
|
Term
| Why do we rectally palpate a bull during their breeding soundness exam? |
|
Definition
| -to check for seminal vesiculitis |
|
|
Term
| What is a common cause of epididymitis in sheep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| From what are the prostate and bulbourethral glands derived embryologically? Do all domestic animals have them? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are prostatc cysts common or rare? Where do they usually form? |
|
Definition
-very rare
-usually adjacent to the prostate and/or attached to it via a pendulous stack |
|
|
Term
| Which animals get prostatic cysts the most? Causes? |
|
Definition
-older dogs
-arise secondary to chronci inflammaiton, neoplasia, prostatic hyperplasia from hormonal stimulation |
|
|
Term
Definition: Prostatitis
-in which species is this common? |
|
Definition
-inflammaiton of the prostate
-old dogs |
|
|
Term
| Which organisms commonly cuase prostatitis? |
|
Definition
| -gram-neg bacteria originating from the urinary tract |
|
|
Term
| Which animals get prostatic hyperplasia? How is it fixed? |
|
Definition
-old intact dogs
-castration |
|
|
Term
| What kind of prostatic hyperplasia is caused by old age? By testosterone? By estrogen? |
|
Definition
-benign prostatic hyperplasia
-epithelial hyperplasia
-fibromuscular hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| Is prostatic adenocarcinoma common or rare? Is it usually benign or malignant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do the clinical signs resulting from prostatic neoplasia relate to those resulting from hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
| -similar to those resulting from hyperplasia except neoplasia will lead to cachexia and locomotory abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| How can rectal palpation help to diffeentiate neoplasia from hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
-Neoplasia is non-symmetrical enlargement, leads to partial or complete loss of the median raphe, can rupture the capsule resulting in the gland being firmly attached ot the floor of the pelvis
-hyperplasia is opposite in these characteristics |
|
|
Term
| In which developmental situations do we see hypoplasia of the penis and prepuce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a persistent frenulum? |
|
Definition
| -thin membrane that runs along the ventral surface fo the penis and normally ruptres at pubery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -openings of the urethra along the ventral surface of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -openings of the urethra along the dorsal surface of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -nability to exteriorize the penis due to either a swollen penis or prepuce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inability to retract the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| =inflammation of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the prepuce |
|
|
Term
| Definition: BAlanoposthitis |
|
Definition
| -inflammation of penis AND prepuce |
|
|
Term
| What are common viruses that lead to medical issues in the penis and prepuce? |
|
Definition
| -BHV-1, EHV-3, CaHV-1, CHV |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes ovine ulcerative posthitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nematodes cause issues in the penis and prepuce? |
|
Definition
-Habronema
=Strongyloides papillosus |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of neoplasia in the penis and prepuce? |
|
Definition
| -MCT, Melanoma, LSA, TVT, SCC, Fibropapilloma |
|
|
Term
| Where on the penis do TVT occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the dog or horse more affected by SCC of the penis? What happens to it? |
|
Definition
-horse > dog
-multilobulated, invasive, ulcerative, and necrotic mass develops and frequently metastasizes to the inguinal and ilical LNs |
|
|
Term
| Which species if commonly affected by penile fibropapillomas? |
|
Definition
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