"multiple but short"

carbohydrate made of 2-10 simple sugars

Glycosidic

Bridge one sugar to another across an atom of oxygen

alpha or beta

lowers activation energy

is not used up in rxn

does not affect overall deltaG (free energy)

increases rxn rate, not equilibrium

Joins sugars, results in kinks

Found in sugar storage molecules

Glycogen or starch

Straight chain of sugars

Found in structural carbohydrates

Cellulose

amino-sugar

builds hard exoskelatens of insects and crustaceans

beta

1. Phosphate group

2. Sugar group

3. Nitrogenous base

Energy in cells

Adenosine tri-phosphate

any chemical agent that accelerates a reaction without being permanently changed in the reaction

enzymes are biological catalysts

lowers activation energy

energy required to start a reaction

catalyzed reactions have lower activation energies

delta G

same for catalyzed and uncatalyzed rxns

measure of potential energy

products have less free energy than reactants

rxn will happen spontaneously

"downhill rxn"

favorable reaction

products have more free energy than reactants

rxn will not happen spontaneously

"uphill rxn"

requires energy/enzymes to happen

(most biological rxns)

the maximum reaction rate

occurs as an enzyme becomes saturated with substrate

increase substrate, no increase rxn rate

place on enzyme where substrate binds

made of: binding site and catalytic site

cofactor for enzymes

necessary for some enzymes to function

competitive inhibition of PABA (needed to make bacterial folic acid)

antibiotics

block bacterial synthesis of folic acid, an enzyme cofactor

no folic acid = no nucleotides produced = no cell division

competitive inhibitors that chemically and covalently bind to an enzyme's active site = enzyme permanently inactive

increase substrate does not increase rxn rate

sarin

nerve gas

irreversible inhibitor

binds to acetylcholinesterase (breaks down ACh)

muscles continually stimulated, rigid, paralysis

competitive inhibitor with extremely high affinities for enzyme active sites

hard to displace

methotrexate

cancer drug

pseudoirreversible inhibitor

stops rapidly dividing cells from replicating

substrates are able to bind to sites other than the active site and increase or decrease efficiency of the enzyme

usually an enzyme with multiple subunits

hemoglobin

steroids

sphingolipids

lipids that are not shaped like triglycerides that have a glycerol and fatty acid

Most common monosaccharide

C₆H₁₂O₆

Glycosidic

alpha or beta

sugars have twisty and brancing configuration

found in glycogen and starch

sugar storage molecules

forms straight chains of sugars

found in structural carbohydrates

cellulose

builds plant cell walls

multiple but short

oligosaccharide = carbohydrate made of 2 - 10 simple sugars

amino-sugar

carbohydrate

builds hard exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans like lobsters

beta glycosydic linkages

phosphate

sugar

nitrogenous base

measure of potential energy of molecules in a reaction

unchanged by catalysts

molecules with high delta Gs are more likely to react b/c they want to lower their delta G values