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Lymphatic system
A&P II
106
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/05/2009

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Cards

Term
Lymphatic system is composed of:
Definition
composed of lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus
Term
Lymphatic system pathway
Definition

lymphatic capillaries -> 

merge to form larger lymphatic vessels ->

which merge to form lymphatic trunks ->

which merge to form lymphatic ducts ->

which empty into the subclavian veins

Term
Lymphatic Capillaries
Definition
Microscopic, closed-end tubes with walls composed of a single layer of simple squamous epithelium
Term
There is no lymphatic capillaries in the
Definition

Central Nervous System

 

CNS has splenic pulp and bone marrow

Term
How are the Lymphatic Vessels formed?
Definition
by the merging of lymphatic capillaries
Term
How are lymphatic vessels similar to veins?
Definition

they have valves

walls are composed of three layers

Term
How are lymphatic vessels different than veins?
Definition

 have more valves

walls are thinner

 contain lymph nodes

Term
Lymphatic Trunks
Definition
drain lymph from large regions of the body and are named for regions they serve
Term
Name the lymphatic trunks
Definition

lumbar - lower limbs (legs), wall of viscera of pelvis, kidneys, liver, spleen, adrenal gland

 

intestinal-Intestines, abdomen, stomach, pancreas

 

bronchomediastinal- lung & heart

 

subclavian- arms

 

jugular - head & neck

 

Term
lymphatic trunks join one of two collecting ducts
Definition

Thoracic Duct

 

Right Lymphatic Duct

Term
Thoracic Duct
Definition

larger and longer duct.

 

Begins at the cisternae chyli at the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra

 

approx 18" in length

 

empties into the left suclavian vein

 

drains the left side of the head, left neck, left thorax, left arm, and all areas below

Term
Right lymphatic duct
Definition

is 1/2" in length 

 

drains the right side of the head, right neck, right arm, and right thorax

 

empties into right subclavian vein

Term
Lymph
Definition
Tissue fluid that enters lymphatic capillary. 
Term
Where does tissue fluid originate?
Definition
from blood plasma
Term
What is tissue fluid composed of?
Definition
water and dissolved substances that leave capillaries as result of diffusion and filtration
Term
Functions of Lymph
Definition

1. carry protein to blood stream

2. carry foreign particles to lymph nodes

3. protection

4. carry fats to liver

Term
Movement of Lymph
Definition
Controlled by muscular activity
Term
Movements of lymph
Definition

1.  contraction of skeleton muscles

2. pressure change due to action of breathing muscles

3. contraction of smooth muscle in walls of large vessels

Term
Lymph Nodes
Definition
Structures located along lymph pathway which contain large numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages and are vital to defense of body against invasion.
Term
Anatomy of a node (external)
Definition

1. bean shaped structures less than one inch in length.

2. has indented region called hilum which allows blood vessels, nerves and efferent vessels to exit.

3. afferent vessels enter on convex side and efferent vessels exit on concave side.

4. capsule - white, fibrous, connective tissue that encloses node

Term

Anatomy of a node (internal)

Definition

 1. capsule

2. stroma

3. parenchyma

Term
Capsule
Definition

invaginates and forms trabeculae which divide node into nodules, the structural unit of the node

Term

stroma

Definition
structural portion - is composed of capsule, trabeculae, and hilus
Term

parenchyma

Definition

is divided into two regions

a. cortex

b. medulla

Term

cortex

Definition

composed of densely packed lymphocytes called lymph nodules. Nodule contains germinal center where lymphocytes produced.

Term

medulla

Definition

center portion of node containing lymphocytes arranged in strands called medullary cords.

Term

Passage of lymph through node

Definition

1. Lymph enters node through afferent vessels

2. Lymph passes to cortical sinus under capsule and travels around nodule to medulla

3. Lymph passes out efferent vessel from medulla

Term

Lymph enters node through what?

Definition
afferent vessels
Term

Lymph passes to cortical sinus under where and travels where?

Definition
under capsule and travels around nodule to medulla
Term

Lymph passes out of what vessel?

Definition

efferent vessel from medulla

Term

Functions of lymph nodes

Definition

1.  Filtration and phagocytosis

2. Hemopoiesis

Term

Hemopoiesis

Definition

Nodes give rise to lymphocytes

Term

Thymus

Definition

Primary, central organ of lymphatic system. Is single organ composed of two pyramidal shaped lobes, each divided into lobules. Is largest at puberty (40 g.) but atropies with age and is replaced with connective tissue from capsule. Lobules are divided into cortex and medulla, both composed of connective tissue.

Term

Functions of thymus

Definition

1. processes T-lymphocytes

 

2. produces thymosin which stimulates maturation of T-lymphocytes after they leave the thymus

 

3. produces lymphocytes and monocytes

 

Term

Spleen

Definition

Largest mass of lymphatic tissue in the body (5 inches),

located in upper left portion of abdominal cavity beneath diaphragm and behind stomach.

Is soft, vascular structure that can be distended by blood filled sinuses

Term

Anatomy of spleen

Definition

1. resembles large lymph node

2. has hilus for passage of splenic artery, splenic vein, and efferent lymphaatic vessel

3. enclosed in connective tissue capsule that invaginates and divides organ into lobules

4. lobules are composed of two types of pulp

Term
Two types of pulp - spleen
Definition

1. White Pulp

 

2.  Red Pulp

Term
White Pulp
Definition

distributed throughout spleen in tiny islands and composed of packed lymphocytes and macrophages around a central artery

Term
Red Pulp
Definition
Fills remaining spaces of lobules and consists of venous sinuses filled with blood and cords of splenic tissue made of RBCs along with lymphocytes and macrophages, plasma cells and granulose cells.  Blood capillaries are very permeable
Term
What vessel is closely associated with red pulp?
Definition
veins
Term
Functions of Red Pulp
Definition

 1. removal of old red blood cells and platelets

 

2. storage of platelets (up to one-third of platelets stored here

 3. production or red blood cells during fetal development

Term

Spleen acts as a blood

 

Definition
reservoir
Term

As there is no _____________entering the spleen, the spleen can not filter __________

Definition

afferent lymphatic vessel

 

filter lymph

Term

Tonsils

Definition

multiple aggregates of lymphatic nodules embedded in mucous membrane.

 

Term

Location of Tonsils

Definition

arranged in ring at junction or oral cavity and pharynx

Term

Types of tonsils

Definition

1. pharyngeal tonsil - posterior wall of    nasopharynx

2. palatine tonsils - lateral walls

3. lingual tonsils - located at base of tongue

Term

Tonsils produce

Definition

lymphocytes and antibodies to protect against invasion of foreign substances

Term

Lymphatic Nodules

Definition

oval-shaped concentrations of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule. Scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous

membranes lining the intestinal, urinary, and reproductive tracts and the respiratory

airways.

Term

Infection

Definition

 condition caused by presence of some kind of disease causing agent (pathogen)

Term

Non-specific Resistance

Definition

inherited ability of body to react to many different types of organisms in a variety of ways

Term

Non-specific Resistance (8)

Definition

1. species resistance

2. mechanical factors

3. chemical factors

4. Antimicrobial Substances

5. Inflammation

6. Fever

7. phagocytosis

8. Natural Killer Cells

Term
species resistence
Definition
species resistant to disease that affects other species
Term
mechanical factors
Definition
such as skin and mucous membranes with cilia, tears, saliva, sebum, perspiration, urine, and epiglottis
Term
chemical factors
Definition

enzymes in various body fluids

a. gastric juice contains pepsin & HCl

b. lysozyme found in tears

c. acidic pH of skin

Term

4. Antimicrobial Substances

Definition

a. Interferon

b. Complement

c. Properdin

Term

Interferon

Definition

name given to group of proteins produced by certain cells, including lymphocytes, host cells, and fibroblast in response to presence of viruses. Causes uninfected cells to make protein which keeps virus from replicating in cell

Term

Complement

Definition

group of 20 proteins found in serum that works against bacterial infections.

Term

Functions of Complement

Definition

1. initiates activities leading to cell lysis

2. promotes opsonization

3. releases histamine which makes capillaries permeable and contributions to inflammation

4. chemotactic agent

Term

Properdin

Definition

protein complex that acts with complement to destroy bacteria, enhance phagocytosis, and trigger inflammatory response

Term

Inflammation

Definition

symptoms are redness, swelling, pain and fever

Term

Fever

Definition

inhibits microbial growth

Term

 phagocytosis

Definition

  most active phagocytic cells are neutrophils and monocytes

Term

 Natural Killer Cells

Definition

 lymphocytes which lack specific receptors and attack cells that display abnormal plasma membrane proteins (MHC complex).

Term

Specific Resistance

Definition

also called immunity - resistance to specific foreign agents such as pathogens or toxins they release. Involves immune mechanisms in which certain cells recognize presence of particular foreign substance and act to eliminate them. Both T and B lymphocytes are responsible for immunity.

Term

Antigen

Definition

 

foreign substance that combine with antibodies

Term

Characteristics of complete antigens

Definition

a. immunogenicity - ability to stimulate the formation of antibodies.

b. reactivity - ability of antigen to react specifically with antibody

Term

10,000 or more

Definition

Antigens have a molecular weight of

Term

Antigen may have several antigenic determinant sites (valence)

Definition

Antigen may have several antigenic determinant sites (valence)

Term

 hapten

Definition

If antigen has only one determinant site

Term

If antigen has only one determinant site it is called a hapten and

Definition

and has reactivity but not mmunogenicity.

Term

Many allergic reactions may be caused by a

Definition

hapten that changes.

Term

Three ways antigens enter lymphatic tissue

Definition

 a. antigens usually travel from blood stream to spleen

b. antigens that penetrate the skin travel to a lymph node

c. antigens that penetrate mucous membranes lodge in lymph nodules

Term

Antibody

 

Definition

 protein produced by body in response to presence of antigen and is capable of combining with the antigen

Term

Characteristics of an antibody

Definition

a. Most antibodies are bivalent (two determinant sites)

b. Antibodies are gamma globulins

c. Are composed of 4 chains, 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

d. Each antibody has a constant portion that changes for each class of antibody, and a variable portion that is different for each antibody.

Term

IgG - 80% -

Definition

Numbers increase during the secondary immune response.

 

Found in tissue fluid and plasma. Works against bacterial cells, viruses, toxins by enhancing phagocytosis, and neutralizing toxins. This antibody protects the newborn

Term

IgA

Definition

secretions of exocrine glands. Found in tears, saliva, mucus, lymph, blood, and milk. Works against bacterial cells and viruses by providing localized protection of mucosal surfaces. Stress causes a decrease in numbers. Makes up approx. 13% of antibodies. Found in mothers’ milk.

Term

 IgM

Definition

 primary immune response. Appear first and short-lived. Largest antibodies. Plasma reacts with antigen on RBC's following transfusions.

Causes agglutination and lysis

Term

IgD

Definition

found in blood and lymph on the surface of B lymphocytes. May stimulate antibody producing cells to make antibodies.

Term

IgE

Definition

found in secretions of exocrine glands and cause allergic reactions. Promotes inflammation reactions and may be excessive and harmful to tissues.

Term

Types of Allergic Reactions

Definition

Delayed allergic reaction

 

Immediate allergic reaction

Term

Delayed allergic reaction 

 

Definition

may take 48 hours and may occur in anyone. Results from repeated exposure of skin to chemical substances. T-

lymphocytes activated by non-self substances and T cells enter skin and cause certain chemicals to be released which cause inflammation.

Term

Immediate allergic reaction

Definition

reaction occurs within minutes. Person has inherited ability to make abnormally large amounts of immunoglobulin E in response to certain antigens.

Term

Types of Lymphocytes causing specific resistance

Definition

T-lymphocyte

B-lymphocytes

Term

T-lymphocyte

Definition

 Lymphocytes originally processed in the thymus. After being processed they travel through the blood and congregate in lymphatic tissue. The

thymus stimulate the maturation of the T-lymphocyte by releasing thymosin. Once activated by a specific antigen, the T cell differentiates into sub-groups.

Term

Cytotoxic T

Definition

migrate to site of invasion and secrete cytotoxic substances. These destroy the antigen directly

Term

Helper T-cells

Definition

 Give off interleukin- 2 which is needed by the cytotoxic T cells. Helper T cells

Term

Helper T cells

Definition

l. release transfer factor which reacts with non-sensitized lymphocytes in area and sensitize them.

2. They release chemotactic factor which attracts macrophages.

3. They release macrophage activating factor which

ncreases macrophage activity.

4. Migration inhibition factor is released to keep the WBC's in the area

Term

Memory T

Definition

recognize antigen when person infected during secondary immune response

Term

What cells are responsible for CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Definition

T cells

Term

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Definition

specially sensitized lymphocytes have capacity to attach to foreign agent and destroy it.

Term

B-lymphocytes

Definition

 Activated helper T cell binds with activated B cell and releases lymphokines.

Term

What hormone action of stimulate B cells to proliferate?

Definition

lymphokines

Term

The hormone action of lymphokines stimulate B cells to proliferate and give rise to

Definition

Plasma cells

Term
Plasma Cells
Definition

secrete 2000 antibodies per second per cell for the 4 to 5 days cell lives. Memory B cells may circulate for years.

Term

What cells are responsible for HUMORAL IMMUNITY

Definition

B Memory cells

Term

What immunity takes place in the blood and is caused by antibodies

Definition

Humoral immunity

Term

Types of Immune Responses

Definition

 

Primary Immune Response 

 

Secondary Immune Response

Term

Primary Immune Response

Definition

 response occurring when antigen first encountered

Term

 Secondary Immune Response

Definition

  subsequent response of body in which antibodies respond rapidly due to memory T and memory B cells

Term

Types of Immunity

Definition

Naturally acquired active immunity

 

Artificially acquired active immunity

 

Artificially acquired passive immunity

 

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Term

Naturally acquired active immunity

Definition

 Person is exposed to live pathogen, develops

disease and becomes resistant due to primary immune response

Term

Artificially acquired active immunity

Definition

Person is given vaccine which can stimulate primary immune response against particular disease but is unable to produce symptoms of disease.

Term

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Definition

Injection of gamma globulins. Is passive because antibodies are not produced by recipient's cells

Term

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Definition

 fetus immune for 6-12 months due to antibodies from mother

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