Control/ Regulate B-cells

(thymus Dependent)

1) cell mediated immynity (direct cell to cell combat)

2) Make up 80% of circulating lymphocytes

3) Attack viruses and cancer cells 

4) Stimulate and inhibit b-cells

5) Only 2-5% are competent and can be cloned 

B- Cells 

(Bone marrow derived)

1) Produce antibodies for primary & secondary immune response

2) Establich memory cells of specific antigens

3) Must be activated by antigen encounter, cloning of plasma cells to make the antibodies and t- memory

4)Help T-cells recognize antigens

A) signs and symptoms: redness, swelling, heat and pain

B) All result from increased flow to blood (hyperema) * Temporary repair of wound * Slow spread of pathogens * Activates loval & systemic defense & repairs

C) Chemotaxis- attracts WBC by chemicals released from mast cells & damaged tissue

(margination= come close to wall)

D) Cyst formation- Fibrous CT forms a sac around injured tissue to block spread of pathogens

Active = from exposure to antigens (thru vaccine or Nature)

Passive = direct imput of antibodies (mothers blood/milk)

Artificial = man made/ technological

Natural = from nature

Microphages

vs.

Macrophages

Microphages- neutrophils & eosinophils leave bloodstream to fight infections

Macrophages- (fixed or free) make up the monocyte- macrophage system aka the veticuloendothelial system. Large cells distributed throughtout the body. 

1) fixed-called histiocytes, remain in the tissues; lymph nodes, liver, spleen, dermis, bone marrow & CNS

2) free- travel throughout the body (include (lungs) alveolar macrophages aka phagocytic dust cells)

Autoimmunity

vs.

Immune Deficiency

Autoimmunity- excessive immune response or targets healthy tissue

Immune Deficiency- Congenital (born with it, usu. rare) Acquired low immune response

Benefits 

of 

Fever and Symbiotic Bacteria in colon

Fever- (pyrexia) body temp raised by hypothalamus above 99 F has 3 benefits: increases the rate of antibodys synthesis; stimulates the activity of T-cells; increases the effectiveness of Interferon

Symbiotic Bacteria- keeps yeast & harmful bacteria in check

Pathway

of 

Lymph Flow

Structure 

of 

Lymph Nodes

• Bean shaped & size of pin head to lima bean, usually less than 3cm (swell when infected)
• Made of many sinuses (spaces/medullas)
• Divided by trabeculae (walls) btw are spaces called sinuses
• Hilum- indented area where blood vessels & nerves attach

Function 

of 

Respiratory System

1. Air distribution & gas exchange
2. Filter, warm and humidify the air we breathe
3. influence sound production (speech)
4. influence the regulation of pH in the body

4 Types 

of 

Tonsils

1. Palatine- located on the sides
2. Pharyngeal- called Adnoids; behind soft palate
3. Lingual- on teh surface of the tongue, posterior; behind tongue
4. Tubal- around the opening of the eustachian tube; in eustachian tube

Pharynx 

vs. 

Larynx

Pharynx- 3 parts of the throat extending from the base of skull to esophagus

Larynx- Voice box- the end of the upper respiratory tract

Cartilages 

of 

Larynx

• made of 9 cartilages, muscles and CT
• Thyroid carilage/ Adam's Apple is the largest cartilage structure
• Epiglottis- *small leaf shaped cartilage flap *covers opening of trachea *prevents food/liquid from entering lungs
• Muscles- *play role in respiration, vocalization & swollowing *also prevent food/liquid from entering trachea/lungs by squeezing larynx shut

Lipid substance produced in alveoli at about 7-8 months gestation

• Decreases surface tension in alveoli and prevents them from collapsing
• RDS (respiratory distress syndrome) when preemies haven't yet developed surfactant breathing is very hard. (ambu-bagging)

• pseudo stratified ciliated columnar tissue
• from nasal cavity to smaller bronchioles
• filters, warms and moistends the air
• microorganisms trapped in stichy mucous are moved 1 way toward pharyns by beating of the cilia. Thus can be swallowed and destroyed by stomach acid
• *acid suppression drugs increase risk of pneumonia
• in smokers, more mucous produced to protect from smoke. it thickens so much that cilia can't move

RDS

(Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

1. serious bacterial infection, on the rise again 
2. highly contagious, chronic
3. advanced >> lung hemorrhage & dyspnea
4. can spread to other organs 
5. seen in AIDS patients, (who are often asymptomatic at first)
6. now AIDS patients routinely tested for TB

• Air in thoracic cavity 
• common causes: *chest puncture wound- punctures parietal pleura (outside air compresses ling) *lung bursts-(aggressive ambu-bagging) visceral pleura punctured (air leaks out, then surrounds & compresses lung
• Result: Lung Collapses

Pulmonary Volume

(Clinically important volumes of air moved in & out of the lungs)

• TV (Tidal Volume)- volume of air moved in and out of lungs. during quiet breathing
• ERV (Expiratory Reserve Volume)- largest additional volume of air one can forcibly expire, e.g. wile contracting abs, or during exercise
• IRV (Inspiratory Reserve Volume)- the amount of air that can be forcibly inspired over & above normal quiet breathing, e.g. taking a breath to blow out birthday candles, or during exercise
• VC (Vital Capacity)- maximum volume of air an individual can move in & out of the lungs TV+ERV+IRV=VC
• RV (Residual Volume)- the anatomical dead space in your respiratory system

Lymphatic 

System

1. Lymph: Similar to plasma but with lower % of protein 
2. Lymphatic Vessels: Carry Lymph/lymphatic fluid
3. Lacteals: Specialized lymph capillaries in the small intestine. (absorb large fat molecules)
4. Lymph Nodes: Filler lumph & houses mature lymphocytes & monocytes
5. Lymphatic Tissue: Has high density of lymphocytes & macrophages (in mucous membranes, Preyer patches & appendix). Includes MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) which is abundant in the respiratory, digestive, urinary & reproductive tracts and lymphatic nodules.
6. Lymphatic Organs:Tissue with even higher density of lymphocytes and macrophages and is encapsulated with connective tissue. Includes: Primary Lymphatic Organs; red bone marrow & thymus (B and T-cells develop), Secondary Lymphatic Organs; lymph nodes, tonsils & spleen (receive competent B and T-cells)

Difference 

btw.

Lymphatic Tissue

&

Lymphatic Organs

Differences & Similarities

of 

Lymph Vessels & Veins

Lymph Vessels resemble veins except Lymphatic vessels:

• have a thinner walls but larger lumen than venous caps
• contain many more valves (giving a beaded appearance
• contain lymph nodes along their course
• have larger, more permeable openings btw endothelial cells that make up the vessel walls 

Gasses 

we 

Breath 

Nitrogen - 78%

Oxygen - 21%

Carbon Dioxide - .03%

Other - .97%

5 Classes 

of 

Antibodies

• IgA- exocrine gland secretions, breast milk , tears, saliva, mucous membranes. Also contain alysozyme that destroys bacteria cell walls
• IgM- in blood; Synthesized by immuture B-cells & integrated into their cell membrane, most abundant antibody produced for the antigen-antibody response, bind antigens in foods and bacteria
• IgG- most abundant circulating antibody; main antibody in secondary immune response, crosses placenta & imparts immunity to baby
• IgE- elevated during allergic reactions
• IgD- unknown function; small % in blood

Objects tend to lodge in the right bronchus and are taken to lungs

(breathing in an foreign object)

Non Specific Defenses

vs. 

Specific Defenses 

2nd line of defense Non Specific- Helps keep body safe but does not target specific pathogens

3rd line of defense Specific- 2 characteristics: specificity of targets & memory of targets

How we breath

in and out air through

our lungs

Pulmonary Ventilation- breathing; air moving in and out of the lungs

1. Inspiration- air coming into lungs (inhalation)
2. Expiration- air leaving the lungs (exhalation)

• How does this happen? Elatisc lungs return to smallest size possible, volume changes lead to pressure changes, pressure changes (&gradients that result) lead to gas exchange

Relax- Up 

Contract- Down 

Transport 

of 

Oxygen 

• Oxygen binds to RBC hemoglobin at the respiratory membrane, capillary side. 
• A small amont of O2 is dessolved in plasma
• The majority of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin 
• the oxygenated blood 97% of the hemoglobin has O2 bound to it 
• Carbon monoxide created a bond to hemoglobin 200x stronger than oxygen's bond
• Oxyygen dissociation (release) from RBC hemoglobin occurs when blood oxygen levels are low

Transport 

of 

Carbon Dioxide

• Small % dissolved in the plasma of blood 
• About 20% bound to hemoglobin as Carbamino hemoglobin
• Most carbon dioxide (70% of it) is carried by bicarbonate ions

EXTRA CREDIT

Parts of Respiratoy System

1. Nasal/Oral Cavity    Mucous
2. Pharynx                    Mucous
3. Larynx                     Mucous
4. Trachea                    Mucous
5. Primary Bronchi      Mucous
6. Secondary Bronchi  Mucous
7. Tertiary Bronchi      Mucous
8. Bronchioles              Mucous
9. Alveolar Ducts         Mucous
10. Alveoli                     Mucous